TABLE 07: Serum Biochemical Reference Rangesa

	In Conventional (USA) Units Units Dog Cat Cow Horse Pig Sheep Goat Llama Vietnamese Potbellied Pig Ostrich ALTb u/L 8.2-57.3 8.3-52.5 6.9-35.3 2.7-20.5 21.7-46.5 14.8-43.8 15.3-52.3   23-83 19.99 Amylase u/L 269.5-1,462.4 371.3-1,192.6 41.3-98.3 46.7-188.1 43.5-88.0 140.0-270.0         Alk phosb u/L 10.6-100.7 12.0-65.1 17.5-152.7 70.1-226.8 41.0-176.1 26.9-156.1 61.3-283.3 30-780 35-563 32-98 ASTb u/L 8.9-48.5 9.2-39.5 45.3-110.2 115.7-287.0 15.3-55.3 49.0-123.3 66.0-230.0 110-250 <109 131-486 Creatine kinase u/L 13.7-119.7 17.0-150.2 14.4-107.0 34.0-165.6 65.7-489.4 7.7-101.0 16.3-47.7 30-400   294.1 GGTb u/L 1.0-9.7 1.8-12.0 4.9-25.7 2.7-22.4 31.0-52.0 19.6-44.1 20.0-50.0 5-29 21-57 2.06 LDHb u/L 24.1-219.2 35.1-224.9 308.6-938.1 102.3-340.6 159.6-424.7 83.1-475.6 78.5-265.3       SDHb u/L 3.1-7.6 2.4-6.1 6.1-18.4 1.2-8.5 0.5-4.9 3.5-20.6 9.3-20.7 85-740     Bicarbonate mEq/L 18.1-24.5 16.4-22.0 20.7-28.9 21.7-29.4 18.0-27.0 20.3-26.7         Bilirubin mg/dL 0.1-0.6 0.1-0.5 0.0-0.8 0.3-3.0 0.0-0.5 0.0-0.5 0.1-0.2 0-0.1 <0.3   Calcium mg/dL 8.7-11.8 7.9-10.9 8.4-11.0 10.4-13.4 9.3-11.5 9.3-11.7 9.0-11.6 7.7-9.4 10.16-12.24 10.7-13.9 Chloride mEq/L 102.1-117.4 107.5-129.6 95.7-108.6 97.2-110.1 97.1-106.4 100.8-113.0 100.3-111.5 106-118 91-103 100 Cholesterol mg/dL 115.6-253.7 71.3-161.2 62.1-192.5 70.9-141.9 81.4-134.1 44.1-90.1 64.6-136.4       Creatinine mg/dL 0.5-1.6 0.5-1.9 0.6-1.8 0.9-2.0 0.8-2.3 0.9-2.0 0.7-1.5 1.5-2.9 0.4-1.10 0.1-0.4 Glucose mg/dL 61.9-108.3 60.8-124.2 42.1-74.5 62.2-114.0 66.4-116.1 44.0-81.2 48.2-76.0 90-140 68.4-154.8 245.27 Magnesium mg/dL 1.7-2.7 1.9-2.8 1.7-3.0 1.8-2.7 2.3-3.5 2.0-2.7 2.1-2.9   1.48-3.82   Phosphorus mg/dL 2.9-6.2 4.0-7.3 4.3-7.8 2.3-5.4 5.5-9.3 4.0-7.3 3.7-9.7 4.6-9.8 4.96-10.66 4.0-9.9 Potassium mEq/L 3.8-5.6 3.8-5.3 4.0-5.8 2.8-4.7 4.4-6.5 4.3-6.3 3.8-5.7 4.3-5.6 3.9-5.9 3.0 Protein Albumin Globulin g/dL g/dL g/dL 5.5-7.5 2.6-4.0 2.1-3.7 5.7-8.0 2.4-3.7 2.4-4.7 6.2-8.2 2.8-3.9 2.9-4.9 5.7-7.9 2.5-3.8 2.4-4.6 5.8-8.3 2.3-4.0 3.9-6.0 5.9-7.8 2.7-3.7 3.2-5.0 6.1-7.4 2.3-3.6 2.7-4.4 5.5-7.0 3.5-4.4 1.7-3.5 4.6-7.8 3.1-4.3 1.5-3.5 3.8 1.8 2.0 Sodium mEq/L 140.3-153.9 145.8-158.7 134.5-148.1 133.3-147.3 139.2-152.5 141.6-159.6 136.5-151.5 147-158 134-150 147 Urea nitrogen mg/dL 8.8-25.9 15.4-31.2 7.8-24.6 10.4-24.7 8.2-24.6 10.3-26.0 12.6-25.8 13-32 10.81-46.88 1.14 In SI Units                       Bicarbonate mmol/L 18.1-24.5 16.4-22.0 20.7-28.9 21.7-29.4 18.0-27.0 20.3-26.7         Bilirubin mmol/L 0.9-10.6 1.2-7.9 0.7-14.0 5.4-51.4 0.3-8.2 0.7-8.6 1.7-4.3 1.7 5.0   Calcium mmol/L 2.2-3.0 2.0-2.7 2.1-2.8 2.6-3.3 2.3-2.9 2.3-2.9 2.3-2.9 2-2.35 2.54-3.06 2.68-3.48 Chloride mmol/L 102.1-117.4 107.5-129.6 95.7-108.6 97.2-110.1 97.1-106.4 100.8-113.0 100.3-111.5 106-118 91-103 100 Cholesterol mmol/L 3.0-6.6 1.8-4.2 1.6-5.0 1.8-3.7 2.1-3.5 1.1-2.3 1.7-3.5       Creatinine mmol/L 44.3-138.4 48.6-165.0 55.8-162.4 76.8-174.5 69.6-207.7 75.8-174.3 59.7-134.8 132.6-256.36 35.4-97.24 8.84-35.36 Glucose mmol/L 3.4-6.0 3.4-6.9 2.3-4.1 3.5-6.3 3.7-6.4 2.4-4.5 2.7-4.2 4.95-7.7 3.76-8.51 13.5 Magnesium mmol/L 0.7-1.1 0.8-1.2 0.7-1.2 0.7-1.1 0.9-1.4 0.8-1.1 0.9-1.2 0.74-1.90     Phosphorus mmol/L 1.0-2.0 1.3-2.4 1.4-2.5 0.7-1.7 1.8-3.0 1.3-2.4 1.2-3.1 1.5-3.2 1.6-3.44 1.3-3.20 Potassium mmol/L 3.8-5.6 3.8-5.3 4.0-5.8 2.8-4.7 4.4-6.5 4.3-6.3 3.8-5.7 4.3-5.6 3.9-5.9 3.0 Protein Albumin Globulin g/L g/L g/L 55.1-75.2 25.8-39.7 20.6-37.0 57.5-79.6 24.5-37.5 24.4-47.0 61.6-82.2 27.5-39.4 28.9-48.6 57.1-79.1 25.3-37.6 23.5-45.8 58.3-83.2 22.6-40.4 39.5-60.0 58.9-78.1 26.7-36.8 32.3-50.0 61.0-74.5 23.5-35.7 27.0-44.3 55-70 35-44 17-35 46-78 31-43 15-35 38.4 18 20 Sodium mmol/L 140.3-153.9 145.8-158.7 134.5-148.1 133.3-147.3 139.2-152.5 141.6-159.6 136.5-151.5 147-158 134-150 147 Urea nitrogen mmol/L 3.1-9.2 5.5-11.1 2.8-8.8 3.7-8.8 2.9-8.8 3.7-9.3 4.5-9.2 4.64-11.42 3.86-16.74 0.41
	aAdapted, with permission, primarily from Boyd J.W., The interpretation of serum biochemistry test results in domestic animals, in Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Practice Publishing Co., 13(2), 1984, and from other sources.
	bALT = alanine aminotransferase; Alk phos = alkaline phosphatase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; GGT = gamma glutamyltransferase; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase; SDH = sorbitol dehydrogenase

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