TABLE 01: Global Zoonoses*

	Disease Causative Organism Principal Animals Involved Known Distribution Probable Means of Spread to Humans Clinical Manifestations in Humans BACTERIAL DISEASES Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Cattle, sheep, goats, horses, wild herbivorous animals Worldwide; common in Africa, Asia, South America, eastern Europe Occupational exposure; foodborne in Africa, Russia, and Asia; occasionally wounds or insect bites; rarely airborne Ulcerative skin lesions, pneumonia, sepsis Borreliosis Borrelia spp Rodents Worldwide Ornithodoros spp Fever to sepsis Lyme disease B burgdorferi Deer, wild rodents Worldwide Ixodes spp Target lesions, arthritis, sepsis Southern tick-associated rash illness B lonestari Uncertain Southern USA Amblyomma americanum Similar to Lyme disease Relapsing fever B recurrentis ( Louseborne or epidemic) No animal reservoir for the transmitting lice Epidemic Crushing infected lice Relapsing fever (every 3-5 days; up to 10 episodes), sepsis   (Tickborne or endemic) Wild rodents Epidemic Tick bites   Bordetella Bordetella bronchiseptica Dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs Worldwide Exposure to saliva or sputum Pertussis-like pneumonia, usually in immunocompromised Brucellosis Brucella abortus Cattle, bison, elk, caribou Worldwide, except North America Occupational and recreational exposure Fever, often subacute and undulant to sepsis   B melitensis Goats, sheep , camels Worldwide Milk, cheese, contact As above plus arthritis   B suis Swine and wild pigs Northern hemisphere Rarely airborne As above plus endocarditis   B canis Dogs, coyotes Rare     Campylobacter enteritis Campylobacter jejuni Cattle, swine, poultry, dogs, cats, wild birds Worldwide Mainly foodborne, milk, waterborne, or occupational Enteritis, arthritis, sepsis   C coli , C fetus , C laridis Nonhuman primates, laboratory animals, domestic pigs Less frequent   Enteritis, sepsis Capnocytophaga infection Capnocytophaga canimorsus , C cynodegmi Dogs, cats USA Bites or scratches Fever to sepsis Cat scratch disease Bartonella henselae , B quintana Cats Worldwide Scratches, bites, “licks” Lymphadenopathy to sepsis; skin lesions in AIDS Clostridial diseases (See also tetanus, below.) Clostridium perfringens , type A Domestic animals Worldwide Foodborne; occasionally wound contaminant Enteritis, gas gangrene, sepsis   C septicum C novyi Domestic and wild animals Worldwide Wound infection   Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections (Enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enteropathogenic, and enteroaggressive strains are not considered zoonotic.) E coli O157:H7; also implicated are types O26:H11, O111:H8, O104:H21, and O48:H21 Cattle, humans North and South America, Europe, South Africa, Japan, Australia Ingestion of undercooked ground beef, or food or water contaminated with bovine feces Enteritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome Erysipeloid Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Swine, turkeys, pigeons, marine mammals, fish Worldwide Occupational, recreational exposure Cellulitis, sepsis Glanders Burkholderia mallei Equids Rare except for some regions in Asia Occupational exposure Mucous membrane or skin lesions, pneumonia, fever to sepsis Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae Armadillos Southern Texas and Louisiana Transmission of animal leprosy to humans suspected—never confirmed Various skin lesions, sensory nerve lesions and deficits, nasal mucosal lesions Leptospirosis Leptospira interrogans (200 serovars) in 23 serogroups Domestic and wild animals, common in rodents, dogs Worldwide Occupational and recreational exposure; water- and foodborne Fever, rash, pneumonia, meningitis, hepatic and renal failure Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes types 1/2a, 1/2b, 4b Numerous mammals, birds Worldwide in cool environments Foodborne among domestic animals by ensilage and hay; raw contaminated milk, cheese, mud, water, and vegetables are infectious; nosocomial infection in hospitals and institutions Enteritis, meningitis, sepsis, fetal infection Melioidosis (Pseudoglanders) Pseudomonas pseudomallei Rodents, sheep, goats, horses, swine, nonhuman primates, kangaroos, zoo animals Asia, Africa, Australia, South America and USA; rare Wound infection and ingestion; organisms live in soil and surface water Skin and pulmonary lesions, hepatitis, organ abscesses Mycobacteriosis Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex Many species of mammals, some birds Worldwide Primarily waterborne Pulmonary disease in elderly; disseminated in immunocompromised, especially AIDS patients   M paratuberculosis Cattle, occasionally sheep and other ruminants Worldwide   Chronic, intermittent diarrhea   Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (includes M simiae ) Cattle, other ruminants Worldwide Water and/or soil Skin and pulmonary lesions Pasteurellosis Pasteurella multocida and other species Many species of animals, especially dogs and cats Worldwide Wounds, scratches, bites Wound infections, cellulitis, sepsis, meningitis Plague Yersinia pestis Rodents, cats, rabbits, squirrels, related animals Foci in Western USA, South America, Asia and Africa; rare Fleas, aerosols, handling infected animals Ulcerative skin lesions, lymphadenopathy (buboes), pneumonia, sepsis Psittacosis and ornithosis Chlamydophila psittaci Parakeets, pigeons, parrots, turkeys, ducks, geese, etc; other isolates in cattle, sheep, goats, opossums, etc, rarely cause disease in humans Worldwide; common Exposure to aerosols Pneumonia, sepsis Rat bite fever Streptobacillus moniliformis Rodents Worldwide; rare Bites of rodents; can be water- or foodborne Fever, peripheral rash, arthritis, sepsis   Spirillum minus Rodents Asia   Fever, rash with plaques, wound reactivates, sepsis Salmonellosis Salmonella enterica (2,000 serovars, 200 seen in the USA) Poultry, swine, cattle, horses, dogs, cats, wild mammals and birds, reptiles, amphibians, crustaceans Worldwide; very common Foodborne infection, especially in the elderly, infants, or immunosuppressed; occupational and recreational exposure Enteritis to sepsis Streptococcal infections Streptococcus pyogenes , other group A streptococci, uncommonly groups B-G Cattle ( S agalactiae ), swine ( S suis ), horses ( S equi ); occasionally other animals including dogs, cats Worldwide Ingestion especially of raw milk; direct contact Pharyngitis, cellulitis, pneumonia, meningitis, arthritis, sepsis Tetanus Clostridium tetani Principally herbivores, but all animals may be intestinal carriers Worldwide Wound infection and injections Muscle spasms and contractions (especially facial), seizures, high mortality Tuberculosis (See also mycobacteriosis, above.) Mycobacterium bovis Cattle, swine, monkeys, and other animals Worldwide; rare in USA, Canada, Europe Ingestion, inhalation, occupational exposure Skin lesions, adenitis, enteritis   M tuberculosis Monkeys, other nonhuman primates, rarely dogs, cats, and other domestic animals, Asian elephants Worldwide Exposure to animals infected with human type tuberculosis Pulmonary disease, adenitis, meningitis, disseminated organ abscesses Tularemia Francisella tularensis Type A virulent, type B less virulent Wild animals, rabbits, rodents, cats, sheep Circumpolar in America, Europe, Asia Occupational and recreational exposure; insect bites; ingestion; inhalation Ulcerative skin lesions, pharyngitis, adenitis, enteritis, pneumonia, sepsis Vibriosis Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Kanagawa phenomenon) Marine shellfish Pacific basin, warm shores of Asia Ingestion Enteritis   V vulnificus Other noncholera vibrios   Australia, North America; probably worldwide Ingestion; wound infection Ulcerating, bullous skin lesions to necrotizing fasciitis, enteritis; sepsis especially severe in immunocompromised host (mortality ≤50%)   V cholerae Non O1/O139, mostly halophilic Crabs, shrimp, mussels Worldwide except Europe; epidemic in some developing countries Ingestion; wound infection Severe, voluminous diarrhea, dehydration; deadly if untreated Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (6 serotypes) Mammals, birds, puppies, kittens Temperate zones Ingestion; recreational exposure Mesenteric adenitis, enteritis   Y enterocolitica (50 serotypes) Domestic animals especially pigs, dogs, cats     Enteritis ± bloody stools or erythema nodosum, arthritis, sepsis RICKETTSIAL DISEASES Boutonneuse fever, tick bite fever Rickettsia conorii , related Rickettsia Dogs, rodents, other animals Europe, Asia, Africa Bite of infected ticks Eschar, adenitis, rash, fever Ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Deer, rodents, horses, dogs USA Japan Ticks Human monocytic ehrlichiosis   Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) phagocytophilum As above Worldwide Ticks Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE)   E sennetsu Uncertain Japan   Fever, adenopathy, sepsis, fever   E ewingi Uncertain Missouri Dogs HGE Eperythrozoonosis Mycoplasma (Eperythrozoon) spp Livestock Worldwide (animals); reports of human infection in China, Yugoslavia Direct contact; transplacental, vectorborne Anemia, hemolytic jaundice, fever, lymphadenopathy, hemoglobinuria; many cases asymptomatic Murine typhus Rickettsia typhi ( R mooseri ) and related species Rats, cats, opossums, skunks, raccoons Worldwide Infected rodent fleas, possibly cat fleas Fever, central rash, relatively mild North Asian tickborne rickettsiosis Rickettsia siberica Wild rodents Siberia, Mongolia, China Bite of infected ticks Similar to Boutonneuse fever Q fever (Query fever) Coxiella burnetii Sheep, cattle, goats, cats, dogs, rodents, other mammals, birds, ticks Worldwide; common Mainly airborne; exposure to placenta, birth tissues, animal excreta; occasionally ticks and milk Fever, pneumonia, hepatitis, endocarditis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia australis Bandicoots, rodents Australia Bite of infected Ixodes tick Similar to Boutonneuse fever Rickettsial pox Rickettsia akari Mice Eastern USA, Africa, Russia; rare Bite of infected rodent mites, Liponyssoides spp Eschar, rash, fever, mild Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia rickettsii Rabbits, field mice, dogs Western hemisphere Bite of infected ticks, especially Dermacentor variabilis , D andersoni; also from crushing tick Fever, rash ± petechiae, sepsis Spotted fever group R parkeri Dogs and possibly cats Western hemisphere Likely Gulf Coast tick Amblyomma maculatum and other Amblyomma spp Fever, mild headache, diffuse myalgia and arthralgia, rash Scrub typhus Orientia tsutsugamushi and related species Rodents “Typhus islands” in Asia, Australia, East Indies Bite of infected larval trombiculid mites Eschar, rash, fever, ± pneumonia Typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Flying squirrels Eastern USA Squirrel fleas or ticks suspected Fever, rash, sepsis FUNGAL DISEASES Actinomycosis Actinomyces israelii , rarely other Actinomyces spp Mammals Worldwide Contact; rare Fever, sepsis Aspergillosis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Aspergillus spp Birds and mammals; principally environmental in decaying vegetation or grains Worldwide; sporadic Environmental exposure Pneumonia with dissemination in immunocompromised; chronic pulmonary disease ± fungus ball Blastomycosis Blastomyces dermatitidis Dogs, cats, horses, sea mammals; principally environmental in moist soil Worldwide Environmental exposure; also reported by animal exposure Pneumonia, skin or bone lesions Candidiasis (Moniliasis) Candida spp Principally human reservoirs, occasionally birds and mammals Worldwide Direct contact; often endogenous in humans Skin and mucous membrane lesions; sepsis and dissemination to organs in immunocompromised Coccidioidomycosis Coccidioides immitis Cattle, sheep, horses, dogs, wild cats, desert rodents, other animals; principally environmental in specific arid foci Southwestern USA, Mexico, Central and South America Environmental exposure Self-limited febrile illness; persistent meningitis or osteomyelitis in immunocompromised Cryptococcosis Cryptococcus neoformans Pigeons, cockatoos, cats, other mammals; principally environmental Worldwide Environmental exposure, especially pigeon nests Self-limiting pulmonary granulomas; meningitis and dissemination in immunocom-promised Dermatophilosis Dermatophilus congolensis Cattle, horses, deer, sheep, other mammals Worldwide Contact; arthropod vectors Pustular desquamative dermatitis Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum Dogs; principally environmental in river valleys Worldwide Environmental exposure; grows abundantly in feces of chickens, blackbirds, bats Flu-like, pneumonia, dissemination in immunocompromised Nocardiosis Nocardia asteroides N brasiliensis N caviae Cattle, dogs, other mammals, fish; principally environmental in decomposing organic matter Worldwide Environmental exposure Pneumonia, dissemination in immunocompromised Pneumocystis pneumonia Pneumocystis carinii (human strain); recent evidence places this as a fungus rather than protozoa Rodents, dogs, cats, cattle (animal strains) Worldwide; common in AIDS patients Environmental exposure; person to person; source yet to be determined, nor have animal strains been verified as human pathogens Pneumonia, fever, nonproductive cough Rhinosporidiosis Rhinosporidium seeberi Horses, cattle, mules, dogs, and birds; unidentified environmental reservoirs Worldwide, endemic in South Asia Environmental exposure Nasal and other mucous membrane masses and polyps; may cause obstruction Ringworm (Dermatophytosis) Microsporum , Trichophyton , and Epidermophyton spp Dogs, cats, cattle, rodents, other animals Worldwide Direct contact with infected animals, fomites Skin and hair lesions; rare skin dissemination in immunocompromised Sporotrichosis Sporothrix schenckii Horses, other domestic and laboratory animals, birds; primarily environmental in vegetation (moss) and wood Worldwide Occupational contact, including with animals Ulcerative skin lesions may follow course of draining lymphatics of arms and legs; may disseminate in immunocompromised PARASITIC DISEASES Protozoans Babesiosis Babesia microti B bovis Wild rodents, cattle Worldwide; rare Bite of infected Ixodes ticks Fever and hemolytic anemia, especially severe in immunocompromised (asplenic and elderly); recurrent or chronic infection may develop; dual infection with B burgdorferi may worsen both diseases   B divergens Cattle, other mammals Europe     Balantidiasis Balantidium coli Swine, rats, nonhuman primates Worldwide; low incidence Ingestion, especially of water Enteritis or gastroenteritis Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis) Trypanosoma cruzi Opossums, rodents, armadillos, dogs, cats, other wild and domestic animals Western hemisphere—Southern USA, Mexico, Central and South America Fecal material of triatoma bug, including Reduviidae (also called cone-nosed, kissing, or assassin bug); contaminates bite wounds, abrasions, or mucous membranes; blood transfusion; congenitally; tissue transplantation (infrequent) Acute—erratic fever, adenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions, myocarditis, or encephalitis; worse in immunocompromised Chronic—cardiomyopathy, megaesophagus, megacolon Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium parvum Cattle, other animals Worldwide Occupational contact and ingestion; waterborne Enteritis, cholera-like and persistent in immunocompromised; cholecystitis Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Beavers, porcupines, dogs, other animals Worldwide; common Water and less often food; person to person Enteritis; may be persistent Leishmaniasis Kalaazar (visceral) Leishmania donovani and other species Wild canids and dogs Southern Asia, South America, Africa Bite of infected phlebotomine sand flies Fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia Cutaneous and mucosal L tropica L braziliensis complex Canids, marsupials, sloths, wild mammals, rodents     Papules to ulcers; may spread to oral mucous membranes and persist or recur Malaria of nonhuman primates At least 20 species of Plasmodium Monkeys, chimpanzees Tropical Americas, Asia, Africa Anopheline mosquitos Fever; human infection rare Microsporidiosis Microsporidia Enterocytozoon bieneusis Encephalitozoon cuniculi ; E intestinalis ; E hellem Various wild and domestic animals, primates, rodents, psittacine birds Worldwide Zoonotic transmission: fecal-oral; direct contact; waterborne possible; person to person common Keratitis (pain, redness, and visual blurring); acute diarrhea (traveler’s diarrhea); chronic diarrhea (immunocompromised) Sarcocystosis (Sarcosporidiosis) Sarcocystis suihominis Swine Worldwide Ingestion of raw pork or beef; ingestion of feces Meat yields intestinal form, usually mild; feces yield muscular form, usually asymptomatic; muscular pain and eosinophilia reported   S hominis Cattle   Ingestion of raw beef; ingestion of feces Meat yields intestinal form, usually mild; feces yield muscular form, usually asymptomatic; muscular pain and eosinophilia reported Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Mammals, especially cats, food animals, birds Worldwide; common Ingestion of oocysts shed in feces of infected cats or found in meat or raw milk Fever and adenopathy; disseminated, multiorgan disease in immunocompromised, including brain abscess; infection of fetus may result in severe damage to CNS Trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) Trypanosoma brucei T brucei rhodesiense T brucei gambiense Wild and domestic dogs, ruminants, hyenas, carnivores Africa; common below the Sahara desert Bite of infected tsetse fly ( Glossina spp ) Painful chancre at bite site, fever, headache, adenopathy, rash, somnolence; gambiense disease may last years; rhodesiense disease may last weeks; both usually fatal without treatment Trematodes (Flukes) Clonorchiasis Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese liver fluke) Dogs, cats, swine, rats, wild animals Asia Ingestion of raw or partially cooked infected freshwater fish Cholecystitis symptoms; chronic infections associated with cirrhosis or cholangiocarcinoma Dicrocoeliasis Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Lancet fluke) Ruminants Worldwide Ingestion of infected ants Abdominal discomfort   D hospes (Lancet fluke) Ruminants Africa     Echinostomiasis Echinostoma ilocanum and other Echinostoma spp Cats, dogs, rodents, fish Asia Ingestion of uncooked fish, shellfish, or contaminated water Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea Fascioliasis Fasciola hepatica Cattle, sheep, other large ruminants (eg, water buffalo) Worldwide Ingestion of contaminated greens, eg, watercress Biliary colic and obstructive jaundice   F gigantica   Africa and western Pacific   Biliary colic and obstructive jaundice; migrating inflammatory skin lesions Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolopsis buski Swine, dogs Asian pig-raising regions Ingestion of raw tubers and nuts of aquatic plants Enteritis with diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, anorexia; facial, abdominal, extremity edema may occur Gastrodiscoidiasis Gastrodiscoides hominis Swine, rats Asia Snails (metacercariae encyst on plants) Mild diarrhea Heterophyiasis Heterophyes and other heterophids Cats, dogs, foxes, fish-eating birds Nile delta, Turkey, Asia Ingestion of undercooked fish Diarrhea with mucus; rarely heart or CNS involvement Metagonimiasis Metagonimus yokogawai Cats, dogs, other fish-eating mammals, fish Asia, Europe, Siberia Ingestion of undercooked fish Diarrhea with mucus Opisthorchiasis Opisthorchis felineus (cat liver fluke) Cats, dogs, foxes, swine Eastern Europe, Asia, Siberia Ingestion of uncooked fish containing encysted larva All may produce fever, biliary colic, enlarged liver due to cholangitis, abscess, or cholangiocarcinoma   O viverrini (small liver fluke) Dogs, cats, fish-eating mammals Thailand, Laos Ingestion of undercooked fish containing encysted larva     Amphimerus pseudofelineus Dogs, cats, coyotes, opossums USA, Central and South America Undetermined   Paragonimiasis (Lung fluke disease) Paragonimus westermani , P africanus , P mexicanus , and other species Dogs, cats, swine, wild carnivores China, India, Burma, Africa, tropical America Ingestion of raw or partially cooked, infected freshwater crustaceans Pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis; less often meningoencephalitis and skin nodules with dissemination Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) Schistosoma japonicum Cattle, buffalo, swine, dogs, cats, rodents Southeast Asia, China, Philippines Penetration of unbroken skin by cercariae larva from infected snails in water Acute (especially S japonicum , S mansoni )—Katayama’s fever with fever, chills, cough, diarrhea, hepatosplenomegaly Chronic—colonic polyposis with bloody diarrhea; renal hypertension with hematemesis and splenomegaly, hemorrhagic cystitis, and ureteritis, which can progress to bladder cancer; pulmonary hypertension; glomerulonephritis; and CNS manifestations   S hematobium Humans are the only reservoir Africa, the Middle East       S mansoni Baboons, rodents, cattle, dogs Africa, Arabia, tropical America       S mattbeei Cattle Southern Africa       S mekongi Dogs, monkeys Southeast Asia       S intercalatum Cattle, sheep, antelope, goats Central Africa     Swimmer’s itch Schistosome cercariae Birds, mammals Worldwide Penetration of unbroken skin by cercariae from infected snails in fresh- and saltwater Self-limiting urticaria Cestodes (Tapeworms)       Asian taeniasis Taenia asiatica Domestic and wild pigs, cattle, monkeys East and southeast Asia Ingestion of undercooked meat Vague abdominal complaints; dissemination Bertielliasis Bertiella studeri B mucronata Primates, oribatid mites Asia, South America, Africa Ingestion of infected arthropods Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation Coenuriasis Taenia multiceps Definitive hosts of all species are other canids, sheep, other herbivores Worldwide in scattered foci Ingestion of tapeworm eggs in canine feces Painless skin swelling; rarely neurologic involvement, including eye   T serialis Lagomorphs Africa, Europe, USA; rare       T brauni Wild rodents Africa     Diphyllobothriasis (Fish tapeworm infection) Diphyllobothrium latum ( Dibothriocephalus latus ), D pacificum Humans, dogs, bears, fish-eating animals, freshwater fish Worldwide Ingestion of raw or partially cooked infected fish Usually asymptomatic; may cause mild abdominal distress; rare megaloblastic anemia Dipylidiasis (Dog tapeworm infection) Dipylidium caninum Dogs, cats, fleas Worldwide Ingestion of dog or cat fleas Usually in children, asymptomatic or mild abdominal distress; proglottids in stool resemble cucumber seeds Echinococcosis Echinococcus granulosus Dogs, sheep, cattle, swine, rodents, deer, moose Worldwide but mostly in Mediterranean region and southern South America Ingestion of tapeworm eggs Cause space-occupying lesions of organs, eg, lung, liver, kidney, etc; rarely CNS   E multilocularis Foxes, microtine rodents, coyotes, dogs, wolves, cats, voles, lemmings, shrews Alaska, Canada, Asia, Central Europe Ingestion of tapeworm eggs Usually involves liver with mass lesions, occasionally lung or CNS   E vogeli Bush and hunting dogs, agouti, pacas, spiny rats Central and South America Ingestion of tapeworm eggs Usually involves liver, may invade adjacent tissues Hymenolepiasis (Dwarf tapeworm infection) Hymenolepis nana Humans, rodents Worldwide Accidental ingestion of tapeworm eggs or infected insects Mild abdominal distress, may be accompanied by nausea or vomiting Inermicapsifer infection Inermicapsifer madagascariensis Rodents Africa, southeast Asia, tropical America Ingestion of infected arthropods Mild abdominal symptoms, if any Mouse or rat tapeworm Hymenolepis nana H diminuta Rats, mice Worldwide Ingestion of cysticercoids in fleas, mealworms, etc, in food Mild abdominal symptoms of short duration Raillietina infection Raillietina spp Birds, mammals Tropical America, east Asia, Australia, Africa Ingestion of infected arthropods Vague discomfort Sparganosis Spirometra spp ( pseudophyllidean tapeworms, second larval stage) Monkeys, cats, pigs, dogs, weasels, rats, chickens, snakes, frogs, mice Worldwide; uncommon Ingestion of infected cyclops or raw infected animal flesh or application of animal flesh to human Nodular, itchy skin lesions that can migrate; conjunctival and eyelid lesions; other organ involvement including CNS Taeniasis           Beef tapeworm disease Taenia saginata Cattle, water buffalo, reindeer, camels Worldwide Ingestion of undercooked meat containing larvae of T saginata Bowel infection from larvae causes mild abdominal discomfort and proglottid passage; eggs do not cause disseminated disease Pork tapeworm disease Cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis T solium Swine, humans Worldwide where swine are reared (rare in USA, Canada, UK, Scandinavia) Ingestion of undercooked pork containing C cellulosae ; direct or autogenous transmission of T solium ova in humans may lead to cysticercosis Usually asymptomatic for years until cysticerci result in inflammation in CNS (seizures) or less often in eye or heart; autoinfection with eggs may occur as well as infection of other humans; adult stage infection (taeniasis) mild or asymptomatic Nematodes (Roundworms) Angiostrongyliasis Parastrongylus (Angiostrongylus) costaricensis Cotton rats, slugs Central and South America, USA Accidental ingestion of slugs or plants contaminated by their secretions P costaricensis may cause a syndrome resembling appendicitis, especially in children, called abdominal or intestinal angiostrongyliasis   A cantonensis Rats, snails, slugs, prawns, fish, land crabs, Bandicota spp Japan, east and southeast Asia to Australia, Pacific Islands, Africa   Eosinophilic meningitis, ocular involvement occurs with decreased vision, eye muscle paralysis Anisakiasis Larvae of Anisakis and Pseudoterranova spp Marine invertebrates, fish, mammals Japan, Holland, Scandinavia, western South America, western Europe, USA Ingestion of undercooked marine fish, squid, octopus Gastroenteritis with upper quadrant pain may be accompanied by hematemesis; cough if oropharynx is involved Capillariasis           Hepatic capillariasis Capillaria hepatica Rodents, other wild and domestic animals Worldwide in scattered foci Ingestion of embryonated eggs in soil Acute or subacute hepatitis with marked eosinophilia Intestinal capillariasis C philippinensis Aquatic birds, freshwater fish Northern Philippines, Thailand, east Asia, and Egypt Ingestion of infected fish Enteropathy with protein loss and malabsorption, vomiting Pulmonary capillariasis C aerophila Dogs, cats, other carnivores Worldwide Accidental ingestion of infective eggs in soil or contaminated food Fever, cough, bronchospasm Dioctophymosis (Giant kidney worm infection) Dioctophyma renale Dogs, mink, other carnivores, frogs, fish Europe, Asia, North and South America; rare Ingestion of infected fish or frog’s liver and mesentery Flank pain, renal colic, hematuria, ureteral obstruction Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm infection) Dracunculus medinensis Humans Asia and Africa; common Ingestion of infected cyclops in water Vesicular skin lesion that opens to reveal worm; allergic reaction and secondary infection may occur   D insignis Raccoons, mink, dogs North America Ingestion of frogs and other paratenic hosts   Filariasis           Dirofilariasis Dirofilaria immitis Dogs, cats, raccoons, bears, mosquitos Worldwide Bite of infected mosquitos Fever, cough acutely, resulting in infarct or coin lesion in the lungs; often asymptomatic; rarely involves eye Malayan filariasis Brugia malayi Cats, other carnivores, monkeys, mosquitos Asia; common Bite of infected mosquitos Cutaneous lesion may include lymph nodes Tropical eosinophilia B pahangi       Cutaneous lesion may include lymph nodes Gnathostomiasis Gnathostoma spinigerum Dogs, cats, wild carnivores, copepods, freshwater fish East Asia, India, Australia Ingestion of infected fish or poultry Migratory skin lesions; may involve viscera or CNS Gongylonemiasis Gongylonema pulchrum Ruminants, domestic and wild swine, other mammals; beetles Worldwide; rare Ingestion of infected arthropods Intestinal discomfort Larva migrans, cutaneous (See also gnathostomiasis, above.) Ancylostoma braziliense , A caninum , Uncinaria stenocephala Cats, dogs, wild carnivores Worldwide in tropics and subtropics; common Contact with infective larvae that penetrate skin Itchy, serpiginous, migrating skin lesions, usually of extremities; wheezing, cough, and urticaria may occur   Strongyloides stercoralis Cats, dogs, sheep, swine, etc Worldwide in tropics and subtropics; rare to common Contact with infective larvae that penetrate skin Itchy, urticarial lesions, usually on buttocks, groin, or trunk (autoinfection), along with GI symptoms; dissemination with pulmonary or CNS disease may occur in immunocompromised Larva migrans, visceral (See also angiostrongyliasis and anisakiasis, above.) Toxocara canis , T cati Dogs, cats Worldwide Ingestion of embryonated eggs shed in feces of dogs and cats Fever, wheezing cough; nodular rash on trunk and extremities; may wax and wane for months; eye involvement (ocular migrans) may resemble retinoblastoma   Baylisascaris procyonis Raccoons North America, Europe Accidental ingestion of embryonated eggs in soil or fecal contaminated material Can cause fatal meningoencephalitis in infants (neural larval migrans); increased frequency of ocular disease in children but can occur in adults Oesophagostomiasis Ternidensiasis Oesophagostomum spp , Ternidens diminutus Primates Asia, Africa, South America Ingestion of infective larvae in soil Abdominal pain (may be right lower quadrant) and masses; may have mild fever Strongyloidiasis Strongyloides stercoralis S fuelleborni Dogs, cats, foxes, primates Worldwide; rare to common Contact with infective larvae that penetrate skin Frequently asymptomatic; clinical features include abdominal pain, diarrhea, urticarial rash (waist, buttocks); disseminated strongyloidiasis with abdominal pain and distention, shock, pulmonary and neurologic complications, septicemia, and death may occur in immunocompromised Thelaziasis Thelazia spp Dogs, cats, other domestic and wild animals, flies East and south Asia; rare Infected insects Conjunctivitis Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Trichinella spiralis and subspecies, T nativa , T  britovi , T nelsoni , T pseudospiralis Swine, rodents, bears, horses, wild carnivores, marine mammals; both in the neoarctic and the tropics Worldwide, especially subarctic region Ingestion of pork and flesh of wild animals containing viable cysts Gastroenteritis followed by fever, severe myalgia, facial swelling; CNS or myocardial involvement may follow Trichostrongyliasis Trichostrongylus spp Cattle, sheep, wild ruminants Worldwide Ingestion of infective larvae on plant foods or in soil Asymptomatic or mild enteritis Trichuriasis (Whipworm infection) Trichuris trichiura and other Trichuris spp Humans, other primates Worldwide; common Ingestion of embryonated eggs on plant foods or in soil Asymptomatic or mild enteritis Acanthocephalans Macracanthorhynchosis Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus and other species Domestic and wild pigs, beetles, squirrels, muskrats, arctic foxes, dogs, sea otters, crustaceans, fish Worldwide; uncommon Ingestion of infected beetles Enteritis, may lead to gut perforation Annelids (Leeches) Hirudiniasis Limnatis nilotica and other leeches Cattle, buffalo, horses, sheep, dogs, pigs Africa, Asia, Europe, Chile Direct contact with leeches Attaches to skin to suck blood; secondary infection may occur ARTHROPOD DISEASES Acariasis (Mange) Mites of Sarcoptes , Cheyletiella , Dermanyssus , and Ornithonyssus spp Domestic animals Worldwide Contact with infected individuals or animals; contaminated clothing Itchy skin lesions Myiasis Cochliomyia hominivorax (screwworm) Mammals Tropical America Can invade living tissue; necrotic tissue ingested Dermal and subdermal wounds; nasal myiasis; intestinal myiasis; usually mild; some may be migratory and destructive causing burrows and boils   Chrysomya bezziana Mammals Asia, Africa       Cordylobia anthropophaga (Tumbu fly) Mammals Africa       Cuterebra spp Mammals North America       Dermatobia hominis (human bot fly) Mammals South America, Mexico       Gasterophilus spp (equine bot fly) Mammals Worldwide       Hypoderma lineatum Mammals North America, Europe       Hypoderma bovis (warbles) Mammals Asia, north Africa       Oestrus ovis Rhinoestrus purpurensis Bovidea Worldwide Eggs and their larva     Wohlfahrtia spp Bovidea North America, Europe, north Africa, Asia     Nanophyetiasis Troglotrema salmincola Raccoons, skunks, snails North America, Russia Ingestion of fish or roe Mild enteritis Pentastomid infections Linguatula serrata Armillifer spp (tongue worms) Dogs, snakes, other vertebrates Northern hemisphere Worldwide Ingestion of infected animal tissues, water, or vegetation Usually asymptomatic; pressure from larvae may cause symptoms in lung or other organs, including CNS and eye Tick paralysis Envenomization of ticks Dermacentor andersoni , D variabilis , and sometimes Ixodes , Haemaphysalis , Rhinocephalus , and Argas spp Various animals North America, Australia, South Africa, Ethiopia Direct contact (attachment) with tick Gastroenteritis followed by ascending lower neuron paralysis; paresthesia may be noted Tunga infections Tunga penetrans (sand fleas, jiggers) Humans, dogs, pigs, other mammals Subtropical Africa, Americas, south Asia Contact with contaminated soil Penetration of skin and burrowing result in pain and itching; may be secondarily infected VIRAL DISEASES California group infections Bunyavirus spp Ground squirrels, other rodents USA, Canada Mosquito ( Aedes spp ) bites Fever, encephalitis with seizures, paralysis, and other focal neurologic signs LaCrosse encephalitis           Tahyna fever   Hares, rodents, other mammals Europe, Africa     Central European tickborne encephalitis Central European encephalitis virus ( flavivirus) Rodents, hedgehogs, birds, goats, sheep Europe Ixodes tick bites; may be milkborne Biphasic illness with encephalitis occurring in second febrile phase; paralysis or neuropsychiatric symptoms may develop Colorado tick fever Colorado tick fever virus Ground squirrels, chipmunks, porcupines, small rodents Western USA; common Tick ( Dermacentor andersoni ) bites 2- to 3-phase illness with meningoencephalitis occurring in late phases; abdominal pain and vomiting may occur Contagious ecthyma (Orf) Orf virus (parapox) Sheep, goats, wild ungulates Worldwide; common Occupational exposure Papule(s) that umbilicate and ulcerate, usually on hands; dissemination rare Cowpox Cowpox virus Cattle, rodents, cats, zoo cats Worldwide; rare Contact exposure Vesicles that become pustular, usually on hands; regional adenopathy Eastern equine encephalomyelitis Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (alphavirus) Wild birds, domestic fowl, horses, mules, donkeys Western hemisphere Mosquito ( Culiseta melanura and Aedes spp ) bites Nonspecific febrile illness to encephalitis which may be severe and accompanied by seizures; neurologic sequellae occur in 30-50% of encephalitis cases Encephalo- myocarditis Encephalomyocarditis virus (picornavirus) Rats, mice, squirrels, swine, nonhuman primates, elephants Worldwide Environmental contamination Rare, acute myocarditis Far eastern tickborne encephalitis (Russian spring-summer encephalitis) Far eastern (Russian spring-summer encephalitis) virus ( flavivirus) Birds, small mammals, sheep Asia, Europe; rare Tick ( Ixodes persulcatus and I ricinus ) bites Similar to central European tickborne encephalitis; flaccid paralysis of shoulders and arms may be seen; fatality rate 20-25%; neurologic sequelae in 30-60% of survivors Foot-and-mouth disease Foot-and-mouth disease virus (aphthovirus types A, O, C, SAT, and Asia) Cattle, swine, related cloven-hoofed animals Europe, Asia, Africa, South America Contact exposure Humans can become carriers but not ill Hendra virus infection Hendra virus Horses, fruit bats (reservoir) Australia (Queensland) Direct contact with infected animals or contaminated tissue Respiratory infection, encephalitis Hepatitis E Hepatitis E virus Swine, deer, others Worldwide Fecal, oral spread; consumption of raw or undercooked liver Fever, GI symptoms, jaundice; may be prolonged; worse in pregnancy Herpes B virus disease Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (Herpesvirus simiae, B virus) Old World monkeys; cell cultures Worldwide; rare Monkey bites and scratches, occupational exposure Vesicular skin lesions followed by severe encephalitis with seizures, paralysis, coma; 70% mortality Influenza type A (synonyms: swine flu, avian flu, Hong Kong flu) Influenza virus (myxovirus) Birds, swine, other wild and domestic mammals; migratory waterfowl serve as reservoirs and carriers for highly pathogenic avian influenza Worldwide; common Contact exposure; animals rarely a source Upper and lower respiratory symptoms; may progress to influenza, pneumonia, or secondary bacterial pneumonia; seasonally endemic or epidemic Japanese B encephalitis Japanese encephalitis virus (flavivirus) Swine, wild birds, horses Asia, Pacific islands from Japan to the Philippines Mosquito ( Culex tritaeniorhynchus , other Culex spp ) bites Fever, GI symptoms to severe encephalitis with seizures, paralysis; neurologic sequelae in up to 80% of survivors Louping ill Louping ill virus (flavivirus) Sheep, goats, grouse, small rodents Great Britain, Northern Ireland; rare Tick ( Ixodes ricinus ) bites Biphasic illness with meningoencephalitis in second phase; relatively mild compared with central European tickborne encephalitis, which it resembles Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ( arenavirus) House mice, dogs, monkeys, guinea pigs, hamsters Worldwide Host excretions and secretions Ranges from mild flu-like illness to biphasic with severe meningitis in second phase; arthritis, parotitis, and orchitis may occur; may be teratogenic or cause abortion Menangle virus infection Menangle virus Fruit bats, pigs Australia Respiratory secretions, feces Fever Milker’s nodules (Pseudocowpox) Pseudocowpox virus (parapoxvirus) Cattle Worldwide; common Occupational exposure Papular to nodular red skin lesions; painless and self- limiting Monkeypox Monkeypox virus Nonhuman primates, Gambian rats, other African rodents; prairie dogs, other pet rodents in USA West and central Africa; rare Contact; aerosols Usually mild, smallpox-like disease; even milder in those vaccinated for smallpox; lymphadenopathy prominent Murray Valley encephalitis Murray Valley encephalitis virus ( flavivirus) Wild birds Australia, New Guinea; rare Mosquito ( Culex annulirostris ) bites Asymptomatic infection in 99%; when disease occurs it can be severe encephalitis with neurologic sequelae Newcastle disease Newcastle disease virus (paramyxovirus) Fowl, wild birds Worldwide; common Occupational exposure Can cause self-limiting conjunctivitis Nipah virus infection Nipah virus Swine, dogs, fruit bats, other animals Malaysia Direct contact with infected animals or contaminated tissue Fever, headache, vomiting, encephalitis; 30% mortality Rabies and rabies-related infections Lyssaviruses Rabies virus Duvenhage virus Mokola virus Ibadan shrew virus Wild and domestic canids, mustelidae, viverridae, vampire and insectivorous bats Worldwide except Australia, New Zealand, UK, Ireland, Scandinavia, Japan, Taiwan; many smaller islands, including Hawaii, are free of infection Bites of diseased animals; aerosols in closed environments Paresthesias or pain at bite site, fever, myalgia, mood changes progress to hyperventilation, general paresthesias, paresis, seizures, hydrophobia; mortality >99% in symptomatic infection; other strains of virus very rare, but deadly   Obodhiang virus Fruit bats       Ross River fever Ross River virus (alphavirus) Undetermined Australia, South Pacific Islands Mosquito ( Culex annulirostris and Aedes spp ) bites Fever, arthralgia, rash, may persist for months; purpura on lower extremities St. Louis encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis virus (flavivirus) Wild birds, domestic fowl Western hemisphere Mosquito ( Culex tarsalis , C pipiens-quinquefasciatus complex, C nigripalpus ) bites Encephalitis with cerebellar signs, hepatitis, dysuria; more severe in elderly Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus Civet cats most likely China, southeast Asia Direct contact suspected, person to person Fever, myalgia, headache, diarrhea, pneumonia; case fatality rate 10% Sindbis virus disease Sindbis virus (alphavirus) Birds Eastern hemisphere; rare Mosquito ( Culex spp ) bites Fever, arthritis, rash that may become hemorrhagic, prominent myalgia Tanapox Tanapox virus Asian and African monkeys Asia, Africa, and in monkey colonies Contact; aerosols Fever, 1 or 2 papulovesicular lesions, often on extremities Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (alphavirus) Rodents, equids Western hemisphere; common Mosquito ( Monsonia , Aedes , Culex spp ) bites Most have nonspecific febrile illness; <5% progress to encephalitis with mortality rate of 20% Vesicular stomatitis Vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana and New Jersey strains) Swine, cattle, horses, bats, rodents, other wild mammals North and South America Contact exposure and insect bites, including mosquitos and biting flies ( Phlebotomus spp ) Fever (± biphasic), myalgia, pharyngitis, cervical adenopathy, oral or rectal vesicles Viral hemorrhagic fevers (HF) Arenaviridae           Lassa fever Lassa virus (arenavirus) Wild rodents Africa Rodent excretions, secretions or tissues; person to person Gradual onset of myalgia and fever; may develop severe swelling of head and neck; pleural/pericardial effusions; hemorrhagic syndrome less common New World HF Arenavirus Rodents Americas Rodent excretions, secretions, or tissues; person to person Gradual onset of myalgia and fever; may develop petechial hemorrhage, bleeding, CNS symptoms Argentinean HF Junin virus         Bolivian HF Machupo virus         Brazilian HF Sabia virus         Venezuelan HF Guanarito virus         Bunyaviridae           Crimean-Congo HF Nairovirus Cattle, rodents, sheep, goats, hares, birds Africa, Middle East, central Asia, eastern Europe Tick ( Hyalomma and Boophilus spp ) bites; occupational risk among animal workers Fever, headache, pharyngitis, abdominal symptoms, petechial rash, hemorrhage; very severe in pregnant women Hantaviral diseases   Rodents Worldwide Aerosols from rodent excretions and secretions   Hantaviral pulmonary syndrome Sin Nombre virus, Black Creek Canal virus Peromyscus spp Sigmodon hispidus USA, may be more widespread throughout Americas   Fever, myalgia, respiratory failure, thrombocytopenia; mortality 40-50% Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Hantaan virus, Dobrava virus, Puumala virus, Seoul virus Apodemus , Clethrionomys , Rattus spp China, Siberia, Korea, Manchuria, Japan, Balkan countries, Europe   Abrupt onset of fever, back pain, petechiae, hemorrhage, renal failure with oliguria; mortality 5-15% Rift Valley fever Phlebovirus Sheep, goats, cattle, camels Africa; common to rare Mosquitos ( Aedes spp ); contact on autopsy or handling fresh meat May show biphasic illness, bradycardia, petechiae, hemorrhage Filoviridae           Ebola HF Marburg HF Marburg and Ebola viruses Primates suspected Central and southern Africa Contact with infected tissues Abrupt onset of fever; joint and muscle pain, headache, gastroenteritis with vomiting; maculopapular rash with desquamation; hepatitis and widespread hemorrhages 3-4 days after onset; mortality 50-90% for Ebola, 20-30% for Marburg Flaviviridae           Kyasanur forest disease Kyasanur forest virus Rodents, monkeys India Tick ( Haemaphysalis spinigera ) bites Fever, rash, bradycardia; course may be biphasic with remission followed by meningoencephalitis Omsk hemorrhagic fever Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus Rodents, muskrats Omsk, Siberia; rare Tick ( Dermacentor spp ) bites; direct contact with D marginatus Biphasic illness with encephalitis occurring in second phase; sequelae, including deafness, relatively common Yellow fever Yellow fever virus Monkeys, baboons Tropical America, Africa Mosquito ( Aedes aegypti in urban cycles, Haemagogus spp in jungle cycles in South America, Aedes spp in jungle cycles in Africa) bites Fever, myalgia, prostration, progressing to jaundice, bradycardia; liver and renal failure in 20-50%; often fatal with hemorrhagic manifestations Wesselsbron fever Wesselsbron virus (flavivirus) Sheep Southern Africa, southeast Asia Mosquito ( Aedes , Mansonia , Culex spp ) bites Fever, myalgia, and hyperesthesia of skin ± maculopapular rash; self-limiting West Nile fever West Nile virus (flavivirus) Wild birds, horses, other mammals Eastern and Western hemisphere; common Mosquito (primarily Culex spp ) bites; blood transfusion, tissue transplant rarely; may be milkborne Fever, rash, worse in elderly; encephaliçtis may be accompanied by flaccid paresis and respiratory failure Western equine encephalomyelitis Western equine encephalomyelitis virus (alphavirus) Wild birds, domestic fowl, horses, mules, donkeys, bats, reptiles, amphibians Western and Central USA, Canada, South America Mosquito ( Culex tarsalis in USA, other Culex and Aedes spp outside USA) Febrile illness to encephalitis; worse in infants and children in whom neurologic sequelae are more likely Yabapox Yabapox virus African monkeys Africa; rare Contact; aerosols Indurated, painful skin lesion PRION DISEASES Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Prion protein—likely from bovine spongiform encephalopathy Cattle Primarily in England, sporadic cases in France, Ireland, Italy, Canada Ingestion of beef Rapidly fatal neurodegenerative disorder similar to sporadic Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease
	*Many proven zoonoses, including some relatively rare arthropodborne viral infections and helminth infections have been omitted, as well as those diseases caused by fish and reptile toxins.

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