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Normal PCV and adequate perfusion
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Increased serum bilirubin due to hepatic disease or hemolysis
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Normal perfusion and rapidity with which capillaries refill with blood
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Poor perfusion or peripheral vasoconstriction
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Hyperdynamic states; could be associated with fever, heat stroke, distributive shock, or early compensatory stage of hypovolemic shock
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Normal heart rates; indicate that at least one component of cardiac output is normal
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Decreased cardiac output and subsequent poor perfusion; cats in particular develop bradycardia (<120 bpm) in shock; an irregular, slow heart beat can be associated with imminent cardiac arrest, severe arrhythmias, or metabolic derangements ( hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, etc)
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Tachycardia (dogs >180 bpm, cats >220 bpm)
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Compromised diastolic filling; sinus tachycardia often results from hypovolemic shock or pain; tachycardia that is irregular or associated with pulse deficits usually indicates an arrhythmia, and an ECG is indicated
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Strong and synchronous with each heart beat
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Normal; both femoral and digital pulses should be palpated
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Usually indicative of a cardiac arrhythmia
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Hyperdynamic (compensatory) state of shock
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Decreased cardiac output, peripheral vasoconstriction, decreased pulse pressure, or thromboses
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Alert and responsive to surroundings
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Normal overall neurologic and metabolic state
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Depressed or obtunded (less responsive to visual and tactile stimuli, sleepy appearance but still arousable)
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Can be caused by any illness or decreased perfusion; may be mild, moderate, or severe
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Stupor (arousable only with painful stimuli)
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Severe neurologic or metabolic derangements
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Comatose (unarousable with any stimuli) or seizures (usually associated with whole body convulsions, salivation, facial tremors, possibly involuntary urination and defecation)
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Abnormal cerebral electrical activity from primary neurologic disease or secondary to metabolic derangements seen in diseases such as diabetes, hepatic encephalopathy, hypoglycemia, or toxin exposure; accurate history or prior health problems, current medications, and possible toxin exposure important
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Vocalization, changes in behavior (avoidance, aggression), or physical changes (tachycardia, dilated pupils, etc)
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Clinical signs can be similar to those seen in compensatory stage of shock; pain delays healing and must be treated.
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