Table: Arboviruses That Can Cause or Are Linked to Equine Encephalomyelitis

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Arboviruses That Can Cause or Are Linked to Equine Encephalomyelitis

Virus Species or Variant	Geographic Location	Most Important Reservoir
*Alphaviruses*
North American Eastern equine encephalitis virus	Eastern North America, primarily east of Mississippi river	Birds
Madariaga virus	South America, Caribbean	Rodents
Western equine encephalitis virus	Western South America	Birds, rabbits, and snakes
Highlands J virus		Birds
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus	Central and South America, Caribbean	Cotton rat and other rodents
Everglades virus	South Florida (USA)	Rodents
Ross River virus	Australia, Papua New Guinea	Marsupial and placental mammals
Semliki Forest virus	East and West Africa	Unknown
Una virus	South America	Birds
*Flaviviruses*
Japanese encephalitis	Asia, India, Russia, Western Pacific	Birds, swine
Murray Valley	Australia, Papua New Guinea	Birds, marsupials, and foxes
Kunjin virus	Australia	Birds (herons and ibis)
St. Louis encephalitis	North, Central, and South America	Birds
Usutu	Europe, Africa	Birds
West Nile	Africa, Middle East, Europe, North, Central, and South America, Australia	Passerine birds
Louping ill	Iberian Peninsula, UK	Sheep, grouse
Powassan	North America, Russia	Lagomorphs, rodents, mice, skunks
Tickborne encephalitis	Asia, Europe, Finland, Russia	Small rodents

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