Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (Egtved disease)
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Primary: salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp), turbo, herring and spat (Clupea spp), Japanese flounder
Secondary: grayling, whitefish, pike, Atlantic and Pacific cod, haddock, many freshwater, marine, and estuarine species
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Acute form: nonspecific hemorrhaging (eyes, fins, skin), darkening, exophthalmia, ascites
Neurologic form: spinning/flashing
Gross: enlarged spleen, ascites, necrotic kidney
Histologic: focal necrosis of kidney liver, spleen; hemorrhage in muscle
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9°–12°C (48°–54°F) optimal
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Present in wild populations, sporadic, limited distribution; endemic in Pacific Northwest and Alaska (wild salmonids, haddock, and cod); emerging disease in Great Lakes region
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Infectious hematopoietic necrosis
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Primary: cultured salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp); lake trout and char (Salvelinus spp) are resistant
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Rapidly increasing mortality (fish <1 yr), lethargic but sporadic bursts of rapid swimming occur, protruding vent, fecal casts, exophthalmic, pale gills, darkening, abdominal distention/ascitic fluid (possibly bloody)
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10°–12°C (50°–54°F) optimal; rare >15°C (59°F)
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Present in western USA, sporadic, limited distribution; endemic in Pacific Northwest and Alaska (wild salmonids); also present in parts of Europe and Asia
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Primary: carp (including koi, goldfish), sheatfish (European catfish), orfe, tench
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Nonspecific: darkening, exophthalmic, pale gills, distended abdomen, ascites, hemorrhage (gills, skin, eye), petechiae in organs (including swim bladder), protruding vent with thick mucoid fecal cast
Coinfection with Aeromonas or other bacteria common
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USA is free (last occurred in captive fish in 2004, wild fish in 2007); occurs in eastern Europe, Russia, China, and Middle East
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Epizootic hematopoietic necrosis
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Acute and high mortality of redfin perch; darkening, ataxia, lethargy, hemorrhage around nares; morbidity and mortality of rainbow trout less severe; Histologic: necrosis, renal hematopoietic tissues
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Redfin perch: >12°C (54°F)
Rainbow trout: 11°–17°C (52°–63°F)
Experimental: 8°–21°C (46°–70°F)
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Has never occurred in USA; endemic in Australia
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Red sea bream iridoviral disease
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other estuarine species, other marine species
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Severe anemia, lethargic, pale gills, enlarged spleen
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Has never occurred in USA; occurs in Japan and Taiwan
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Infection with HPR-deleted or HPR0
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Brown trout, sea trout, rainbow trout
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Pale gills, severe anemia (PCV <10%), swollen liver (black/brown color), ascites, petechiae of viscera, mesenteric fat, swim bladder
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Maximum replication 15°C (59°F)
No replication 25°C (77°F)
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Present in northeast USA, sporadic, limited distribution; endemic in Maine, New Brunswick, Scotland, and Norway
Endemic in Maine, New Brunswick, Scotland, and Norway
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Infection with salmonid alphavirus (pancreas disease or sleeping disease)
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Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, brown trout
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Necrosis of exocrine pancreas, heart and skeletal muscle changes
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Has not occurred in USA; detected in Ireland, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Poland, and Norway
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Family: Alloherpesviridae
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Common carp and hybrids, including koi and ghost carp
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Severe necrosis gill tissue
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22°–25.5°C (72°–78°F) optimala
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Present in USA, sporadic, widely distributed
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Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (mycotic granulomatosis)
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Atlantic menhaden, striped mullet, many other freshwater and estuarine species; snakeheads, barbs (Puntias spp) sensitive; gouramis, goldfish and other ornamentals susceptible; tilapia resistant
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Necrotizing deep ulcers (penetrate body wall), granulomatous tissue response; deep ulcers with red centers, white rims; invasive nonseptate hyphae (culture possible but difficult)
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(reduced salinity also contributes in brackish systems)
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Present in USA, sporadic, limited distribution
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Gyrodactylus (Gyrodactylus salaris only)
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Gyrodactylus salaris only
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Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, brook trout, North American lake trout, brown trout, grayling arctic char
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Has never occurred in USA
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