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Antifungala
Dosage
Route, Frequency
Amphotericin B
1 mg/kg intratracheal; 0.25–1 mg/mL sterile water for nebulization
Given intratracheally once daily; nebulized 10–20 min, bid
1.5 mg/kg
IV, tid
Amphotericin B suspension
100 mg/kg
PO, bid × 30 days
Clotrimazole
2 mg/kg
Given intratracheally, once daily × 5 days
10 mg/mL (1%)
Nasal flush; nebulized for 30 min bid
Enilconazole
1 mg (0.05 mL/kg of a 1:10 dilution)
Given intratracheally, once daily × 7–14 days
0.1 mL/kg in 5 mL sterile water
Nebulize for 30 min, 5 days on, 2 days off
Fluconazole
5–15 mg/kg
PO, bid
20 mg/kg
PO, every 48 hr × 3 treatments
Griseofulvin
10 mg/kg
5-Flucytosine
20–75 mg/kg
F-10b (quaternary ammonium disinfectant)
1.5/400 mL distilled water
Nebulization for cutaneous and possibly respiratory fungus
Itraconazole
5–10 mg/kg
PO, once to twice daily (lower dosage, and use cautiously in African grey parrots)
Ketoconazole
10–30 mg/kg
Terbinafine
10–15 mg/kg
1 mg/mL solution
Nebulization for 30 min
Nystatin oral suspension (100,000 U/mL)
300,000–600,000 U/kg
Voriconazole
12–18 mg/kg
a Most are unapproved for use in birds, and caution is indicated.
b Quaternary ammonium and biguanidine compound; nontoxic, ampholytic surfactant
