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Chelonians (red-eared sliders)
Lizards (bearded dragons)
Not analgesic for snakes. Causes pronounced respiratory depression in turtles.
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Chelonians: appears to cause less respiratory depression than morphine
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10 mg/kg, PO, every 4 days
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Chelonians (red-eared sliders); less respiratory depression than morphine
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Snakes (cornsnakes) at high doses. Not analgesic for bearded dragons or red-eared sliders. May cause respiratory depression, and high-dose volume may be impractical. May be able to partially antagonize opiate agonists like morphine.
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0.2 mg/kg, IV, IM, SC, every 24–48 hr
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Sedation, prolonged hangover effects
Deeper sedation but not sufficient for painful procedures and care in debilitated individuals
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Ketamine 10 mg/kg, combined with medetomidine 0.1–0.2 mg/kg (or dexmedetomidine 0.05–0.1 mg/kg) and morphine 1.5 mg/kg or hydromorphone 0.5 mg/kg, IM (or 50% dose, IV)
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Deep sedation/anesthesia in many chelonians. Reversed using atipamezole (0.5 mg/kg, IM) and, if necessary, naloxone (0.2 mg/kg, IM)
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Premedication, or can be given with ketamine to increase sedative effects or promote similar effects at lower ketamine doses.
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Often used in combination with ketamine and opiates as a sedative to light anesthetic. Useful when IV access is difficult.
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10 × mg dose of dexmedetomidine, IM
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Used to reverse dexmedetomidine
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Tortoises, lizards, snakes. Low dose useful to facilitate intubation. Higher doses associated with prolonged recoveries.
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3–10 mg/kg, IV, intraosseous
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Low dose rate for larger reptiles. Subanesthetic doses produce variable short-term sedation.
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Similar effects to those of propofol IV, but higher doses effective IM. Larger IM dose volumes may warrant dividing into two or more injections.
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Routine gaseous agent; subanesthetic levels provide short-term sedation. Mask down or conscious (sedated) intubation possible in some species.
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Very similar effects to those of isoflurane but recoveries appear to be faster. Preferred agent for critical or large reptiles.
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