|
|
|
|
Undergoes hepatic biotransformation to active metabolites that alkylate DNA; alkylation leads to miscoding of DNA and cross-linking of DNA strands
|
Lymphoma, mammary adenocarcinoma, sarcomas, lymphocytic leukemia
|
Nausea, vomiting (infrequent), moderate to severe myelosuppression, sterile hemorrhagic cystitis
|
|
|
Alkylates DNA causing miscoding and cross-linking of DNA strands
|
|
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, moderate myelosuppression (may be more myelosuppressive in cats)
|
|
|
Alkylates DNA causing miscoding and cross-linking of DNA strands; slowest-acting alkylating agent
|
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small-cell lymphoma
|
Nausea, vomiting, mild to moderate myelosuppression
|
|
|
Alkylates DNA causing miscoding and cross-linking of DNA strands; inhibits both DNA and RNA synthesis; not cross-resistant with other alkylating agents
|
Lymphoma, mast cell tumor, histiocytic sarcoma, CNS neoplasias, multiple myeloma
|
Nausea, vomiting, moderate to severe myelosuppression (may be delayed for 4–6 wk), hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity
|
|
|
Inhibits DNA synthesis; high affinity for pancreatic β cells
|
|
Severe, potentially fatal nephrotoxicity (if given without diuresis) and hepatotoxicity, nausea (immediate and delayed), vomiting, mild myelosuppression
|
|
|
Undergoes hepatic biotransformation to active metabolites that alkylate DNA; inhibits RNA synthesis
|
|
Severe acute nausea, vomiting, phlebitis, moderate myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity, anecdotal reports of pleural effusion in cats
|
|
|
Analogue of cyclophosphamide; undergoes hepatic biotransformation to active metabolites that alkylate DNA; alkylation leads to miscoding of DNA and cross-linking of DNA strands
|
|
Nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression, sterile hemorrhagic cystitis, possible nephrotoxicity
|
|
|
|
|
Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase that is required for formation of tetrahydrofolate, a necessary cofactor in thymidylate synthesis; thymidylate essential for DNA synthesis and repair
|
|
Nausea, vomiting, moderate myelosuppression, GI ulceration, hepatotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity
|
|
|
Pyrimidine analogue; interferes with DNA synthesis and may be incorporated into RNA to cause toxic effects
|
Carcinomas (systemic); cutaneous carcinomas (topical)
|
Systemic: nausea, vomiting, moderate myelosuppression, neurotoxicity, GI ulceration, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity Topical: local irritation, pain, hyperpigmentation Cannot be given to cats (fatal neurotoxicity)
|
|
|
Pyrimidine analogue; incorporates into DNA causing steric hindrance and inhibition of DNA synthesis
|
Lymphoma (including CNS), leukemias; no activity in solid tumors
|
Nausea, vomiting, moderate myelosuppression, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity
|
|
|
Pyrimidine analogue; incorporates into DNA, causing steric hindrance and inhibition of DNA synthesis
|
Limited efficacy seen in lymphoma and various carcinomas
|
Mild nausea, vomiting, mild to moderate myelosuppression, pulmonary toxicity, nephrotoxicity
|
Antibiotic Antineoplastics
|
|
|
Intercalates and binds to DNA, disrupting helical structure and DNA template; inhibits RNA and DNA polymerases; causes DNA topoisomerase II–mediated chain scission; generates free radicals that cause DNA scission and cell membrane damage
|
Lymphoma, leukemias, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, and various other sarcomas and carcinomas
|
Nausea, vomiting, moderate myelosuppression, hemorrhagic colitis, severe cutaneous reactions if extravasated; red urine (not hematuria), transient ECG changes and arrhythmias, nephrotoxicity, anaphylactoid reactions; Cumulative dose-related congestive heart failure in dogs; cumulative nephrotoxicity in cats
|
|
|
Topoisomerase II–mediated chain scission; DNA aggregation, oxidation, and strand breakage
|
Lymphoma, various carcinomas
|
Nausea, vomiting, moderate to severe myelosuppression, diarrhea, bluish discoloration to sclera; less severe adverse effects than others in this group
|
|
|
Mixture of glycopeptides; generates oxygen radicals that cause chain scission and fragmentation of DNA
|
|
Nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression, fever, allergic reactions including anaphylaxis, hyperpigmentation, skin ulceration, pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis
|
Dactinomycin (Actinomycin D)
|
Intercalates and binds to DNA, disrupting helical structure and DNA template; inhibits RNA and DNA polymerases; causes DNA topoisomerase II–mediated chain scission; generates free radicals that cause DNA scission and cell membrane damage
|
Lymphoma, various sarcomas
|
Nausea, vomiting, moderate to severe myelosuppression, phlebitis; severe tissue reaction if extravasated
|
|
|
|
|
Binds to tubulin, leading to disruption of mitotic spindle apparatus and arrest of cell cycle
|
Lymphoma and leukemias, mast cell tumors
|
Mild nausea, vomiting, severe myelosuppression, neurotoxicity with high doses, inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
|
|
|
Binds to tubulin, leading to disruption of mitotic spindle apparatus and arrest of cell cycle
|
Lymphoma and leukemias, transmissible venereal cell tumors, various sarcomas
|
Mild to moderate nausea, vomiting, mild to moderate myelosuppression, severe tissue reaction if extravasated, cumulative peripheral neuropathy, constipation, paralytic ileus, inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
|
|
|
Binds to tubulin, leading to disruption of mitotic spindle apparatus and arrest of cell cycle
|
Primary lung tumors, limited efficacy in mast cell tumors
|
Mild nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression
|
|
|
Binds to tubulin, stabilizing microtubule polymer and arresting mitosis
|
Mammary carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
|
Myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, hypersensitivity (when Cremor EL is used as vehicle)
|
|
|
|
|
Reacts with proteins and nucleic acids; forms cross-links between DNA strands and between DNA and protein; disrupts DNA synthesis
|
Osteosarcoma, carcinomas, and mesothelioma
|
Intense nausea, vomiting, mild to moderate myelosuppression, potentially fatal nephrotoxicity if not given with diuresis, anaphylaxis, ototoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, hyperuricemia, hypermagnesemia; Cannot be given to cats (fulminant pulmonary edema)
|
|
|
Reacts with proteins and nucleic acids; forms cross-links between DNA strands and between DNA and protein; disrupts DNA synthesis
|
|
Mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, moderate to severe myelosuppression
|
|
|
Inhibits protein synthesis by hydrolyzing tumor cell supply of asparagine
|
Acute lymphoid leukemias and lymphoma
|
Hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylaxis especially after repeated doses, alteration in coagulation parameters, hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis (people), potential inhibition of immune responsiveness (B and T cells)
|
|
|
Destroys adrenal zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
|
Pituitary hyperadrenocorticism, palliation of adrenal cortical tumors
|
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, adrenal insufficiency, CNS depression, dermatitis
|
|
|
Inhibits conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides by destroying ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase
|
Polycythemia vera, granulocytic and basophilic leukemia, thrombocythemia, investigational for meningiomas
|
Nausea, vomiting, mild myelosuppression, alopecia, sloughing of claws, dysuria
|
|
|
Mechanism is unclear; inhibits DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, perhaps through alkylation
|
Lymphoma, as part of MOPP chemotherapy protocol; brain tumors
|
Nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression, diarrhea
|
|
|
|
|
Lympholytic; inhibits mitosis in lymphocytes
|
Lymphoma, mast cell tumors, multiple myeloma, palliative treatment of brain tumors
|
Sodium retention, GI ulceration, protein catabolism, muscle wasting, delayed wound healing, suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,immunosuppression
|
