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Diagnosis
Clinical Signs
Affected Visual Pathway
Etiology
Retinal detachment
Acute blindness, hemorrhage
Neurosensory retina
Systemic hypertension, intraocular
Intracranial diseases
Normal eyes, acute blindness ± PLRa
Optic chiasm
Pituitary masses, ± paranasal masses, meningiomas, lymphosarcoma
Central blindness
Acute blindness, normal PLR
Optic tracts, occipital cortex
Cardiac arrest during anesthesia, seizures, severe head trauma
Slow vision loss
Progressive loss of vision/PLR
Retrobulbar visual tracts
Hydrocephalus, CNS neoplasia
aPupillary light-induced reflexes.
