External ciliates (motile)
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Ichthyophthirius (FW), Cryptocaryon (SW)
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White spot disease; no spots visible if on gills only
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FW—formalin, CuSO4; SW—formalin, Cu2+, decreased salinity, chloroquine (efficacy not completely demonstrated)
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Trichodina (FW, SW), Chilodonella (FW), Brooklynella (SW)
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High respiration rate, piping, excess mucus, flashing, loss of condition
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FW—formalin, CuSO4; SW—formalin, Cu2+
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Tetrahymena (FW), Uronema (SW)
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Mucus, flashing, intra-ocular lesions, exophthalmos
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External as above; improve sanitation Internal: no treatment
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Ambiphyra, Apiosoma, Epistylus
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Excess mucus, flashing, piping, loss of condition
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Formalin, KMnO4, CuSO4 Management—decrease crowding, correct sanitation
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Ichthyobodo, Cryptobia (see also Internal flagellates)
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Blue slime, flashing, piping, excess mucus, loss of condition
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Formalin, CuSO4, KMnO4, salt
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Piscinoodinium (FW), Amyloodinium (SW)
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Tiger barbs, many marine fishes, including clownfish and red drum
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Mortality, lethargy, piping; “velvet” (if on skin)
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Copper sulfate, chloroquine (nonfood fish only); freshwater dips for marine food fish
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All cichlids, bettas, gouramis, other aquarium fishes
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Weight loss (anorexia), mortality of fry and juveniles
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Metronidazole (nonfood fish only)
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Extreme weight loss, anorexia
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None; management—correct sanitation, feeding, stocking density, cull affected fish
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Sulfamethazine (efficacy questionable)
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