Pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
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Corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
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Stimulates the production and secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex
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Growth hormone (somatotropin)
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Promotes growth of the body and influences the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
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Follicle-stimulating hormone
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Stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovaries and induces the formation of sperm in the testes
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Stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum in the female and the production of testosterone by the testes in the male
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Stimulates the mammary glands to produce and secrete milk
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
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Stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland
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Pituitary gland (posterior lobe)
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Antidiuretic hormone; also known as arginine vasopressin
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Causes the kidneys to conserve water by concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume; also has lesser role in regulating blood pressure
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Stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle of the uterus during labor and facilitates ejection of milk from the breast during nursing
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Raises the blood calcium concentration by promoting absorption of calcium by the intestine, mobilizing calcium salts from bones, and increasing the ability of the kidney to recover calcium from urine; also lowers phosphate by enhancing its excretion by the kidneys
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Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4 )
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Increase the basal metabolic rate; synthesize proteins; also regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism
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Participates in calcium and phosphorus metabolism; reduces calcium levels in the blood
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Helps regulate salt and water balance by retaining sodium (salt) and water and excreting potassium
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Has widespread effects throughout the body; involved in the response to stress; active in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; helps maintain blood sugar level; suppresses inflammation and immune responses; can interfere with the healing of wounds and decrease scar formation
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Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
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Released in response to stress; stimulates heart action and increases cardiac output, blood pressure, metabolic rate, and blood glucose concentration; also raises blood sugar and fatty acid levels
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Lowers blood sugar level; affects the metabolism of sugar, protein, and fat
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Raises blood sugar level, thus opposing the action of insulin
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Controls female reproductive system, along with other hormones; also involved in maturation of reproductive organs at puberty
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Prepares the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg, maintains pregnancy, and promotes development of the mammary glands
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Responsible for the development of the male reproductive system and secondary male sexual characteristics
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