Anemia may be regenerative, indicating the bone marrow is responding and attempting to replace red blood cells (RBCs), or nonregenerative, in which the bone marrow response is not able to meet the increased need for RBCs. Which of the following CBC findings is consistent with nonregenerative anemia?

Macrocytosis
Normochromia
Nucleated RBCs
Polychromasia

Outflow Tract Obstructions in Animals

By

Sandra P. Tou

, DVM, DACVIM, North Carolina State University

Last full review/revision Jan 2020 | Content last modified Jan 2020

Outflow tract obstructions are congenital cardiac defects that include aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta. All involve obstruction to either right or left ventricular outflow. Defects such as double chamber right ventricle, branch pulmonary artery stenosis, and cor triatriatum also create obstruction to normal blood flow but are not located within the right ventricular or left ventricular outflow tracts.

Congenital and Inherited Anomalies of the Cardiovascular System in Animals

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