Hepatic Diseases of Small Animals

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• Nutrition in Hepatic Disease in Small Animals
  • Energy Allowance
  • Dietary Protein Allowance
    • Modified Protein Quality/Source
  • Dietary Fat
  • Micronutrients and Vitamins

• Fulminant Hepatic Failure in Small Animals

• Hepatic Encephalopathy in Small Animals
  • Treatment
    • Nutritional Support
  • Modification of Enteric pH, Bacterial Population, Ammonia Absorption
  • Alternative or Salvage Interventions for Recalcitrant Hyperammonemic HE
    • L-ornithine-L-aspartate (LOLA) Oral Granules
    • Zinc Supplementation
    • N-acetyl-L-carnitine
    • Flumazenil
  • Elimination or Control of Factors Precipitating Hepatic Encephalopathy
  • Reference

• Portal Hypertension and Ascites in Small Animals

• Hepatic Portal Venous Hypoperfusion in Small Animals
  • Microvascular Dysplasia (MVD)
    • Clinical Signs
    • Diagnosis
    • Management
  • Portosystemic Vascular Anomalies
    • Clinical Signs
    • Imaging
    • Treatment
    • Postligation Assessment of Surgical Outcome
    • Postligation Imaging of PSVA Attenuation and Hepatic Portal Perfusion
    • Survival with PSVA Attenuation or Medical Management
    • Postoperative Prognosis
    • Medical Management
    • Nutritional Support

• Acquired Portosystemic Shunts in Small Animals

• Miscellaneous Congenital and Acquired Hepatic Vascular Disorders in Small Animals
  • Hepatic Arteriovenous Malformation
  • Hepatic Vein Outflow Obstruction
  • Cholangiovenous Reflux in Small Animals
    • Etiology and Pathogenesis
    • Clinical Signs
    • Treatment and Prognosis

• Hepatotoxins in Small Animals
  • Drug-associated Hepatotoxicity
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Chemotherapy Drugs
  • Antiparasitic Drugs
  • Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
  • Anesthetic Agents
  • Xylitol
  • Acetaminophen
  • Antifungals
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Other Drug-Associated Hepatotoxicity
  • Environmental or Foodborne Hepatotoxins
    • Aflatoxicosis
    • Amanita phalloides (Death Cap Mushroom) Hepatotoxicity
    • Microcystin: Blue-Green Algae (cyanobacteria) Hepatotoxicity
    • Sago Palm, Cycad Hepatotoxicity

• Infectious Diseases of the Liver in Small Animals
  • Viral Diseases
  • Bacterial Diseases
    • Leptospirosis
    • Microscopic Hepatic Findings
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Tyzzer Disease
    • Mycobacterium Infections and Pyogranulomatous Hepatitis
    • Hepatic Impact of Extrahepatic and Intrahepatic Bacterial Infections and Sepsis
  • Mycotic Diseases
    • Systemic Mycoses
    • Opportunistic Uncommon Mycoses
    • Candida spp
    • Disseminated Aspergillosis
    • Phaeohyphomycosis
    • Protothecosis
  • Protozoal Diseases
    • Toxoplasmosis
    • Leishmaniosis
    • Pyogranulomatous Hepatitis

• Feline Hepatic Lipidosis
  • Clinical Signs
    • Clinicopathologic Features
    • Imaging
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Fluids
    • Potassium and Phosphate Supplementation
    • Water-soluble Vitamins
    • Fat-soluble Vitamins
    • Additional Therapeutic Considerations
    • Drug Considerations
    • Prognosis
  • References

• Biliary Cirrhosis in Small Animals

• Canine Cholangiohepatitis
  • Clinical Signs
  • Imaging
  • Histologic Features
    • Suppurative Cholangitis
    • Destructive Cholangitis
    • Bacterial Cultures
  • Treatment
    • Antibiotics
    • Choleretics
    • Antioxidants

• Canine Chronic Hepatitis
  • Chronic Hepatitis With or Without Increased Hepatic Copper in West Highland White Terriers
  • Idiopathic Chronic Hepatitis
  • Breed-specific Chronic Hepatitis
    • Labrador Retrievers
    • Doberman Pinschers
    • Cocker Spaniel Hepatopathy
    • Skye Terriers
    • Maltese Dog Zone 3 (Centrilobular) Hepatopathy

• Lobular Dissecting Hepatitis in Small Animals

• Canine Vacuolar Hepatopathy
  • Vacuolar Hepatopathy in Scottish Terriers

• Metabolic Diseases Affecting the Liver in Small Animals

• Hepatocutaneous Syndrome in Small Animals

• Nodular Hyperplasia in Small Animals

• Hepatic Neoplasia in Small Animals
  • Hepatic Lymphoma
  • Primary Hepatic Neoplasms
  • Hepatocellular Carcinomas
  • Hepatocellular Adenomas and Adenomatous Hyperplasia or Dysplastic Foci
  • Biliary Adenocarcinomas
  • Lymphoma
  • Myelolipomas
  • Metastatic Neoplasia

• Miscellaneous Liver Diseases in Small Animals
  • Glycogen Storage Disease
  • Hepatic Amyloidosis

• Cholecystitis in Small Animals
  • Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
  • Treatment and Prognosis
  • Key Points
  • Emphysematous Cholecystitis/Choledochitis

• Canine Gallbladder Mucocele
  • Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Miscellaneous Disorders of the Gallbladder in Small Animals

• Miscellaneous Disorders of the Bile Ducts in Small Animals
  • Benign Hepatic or Biliary Cysts
  • Ductal Plate Malformations
  • Choledochal Cyst
  • Biliary Cystadenoma

• Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction in Small Animals
  • Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Cholelithiasis in Small Animals
  • Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Biliary Tree Rupture and Bile Peritonitis in Small Animals

• Feline Cholangitis / Cholangiohepatitis Syndrome

• Hepatobiliary Fluke Infection in Small Animals
  • References