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Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis Risk Factors and Infectious Agents

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Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (IKC)	Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)
RISK FACTORS
Infectious agents (see below) Commingling during shipping or at shows, sales, and auctions	Ultraviolet solar irradiation Flies Dust Mechanical irritation (awns from plants such as foxtail grasses) Trace mineral deficiencies (copper, selenium) Infectious agents (see below)
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
Chlamydophila pecorum Mycoplasma spp (notably Mycoplasma conjunctivae) Moraxella ovis Colesiota conjunctivae Listeria monocytogenes Acholeplasma oculi Thelazia spp	Primary etiological agent: Moraxella bovis Possible contributing agents: Other Moraxella spp (eg, Moraxella bovoculi,^aMoraxella ovis) Various Mycoplasma spp (eg, Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovoculi) Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus [IBRV])
^aPublished experimental challenges of cattle with Moraxella bovoculi have not provided a direct link between Moraxella bovoculi infection and IBK.