Physical Properties of Ionizing Radiation
Type | Charge | Mass | Penetration | Ionization | Shielding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha (α) | +2 | Heavy | Low | High | Can be stopped by paper or skin. |
Beta-minus (β–) | –1 | Light | Medium | Medium | Stopped by thin metal (eg, aluminum) or wood. Shielding with lead could result in release of x-rays. |
Beta-plus (β+; positron) | +1 | ||||
Gamma (γ) | 0 | None | Very high | Low | Requires thick lead or concrete. |
X-rays | 0 | None | High | Low | Requires dense materials like lead. |
Neutrons | 0 | Medium | Very high | Variable | Requires materials rich in hydrogen (like water or concrete). |
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