Gout is caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the body. Gout is common in parrots, especially in older budgerigars (budgies) and cockatiels, but it can occur in any bird as they age.
Uric acid is normally produced in the liver as a by-product of digestion and is passed out of the body through the kidneys as the white, chalky portion of bird droppings. If the kidneys can't remove uric acid properly, it builds up in the blood and is deposited inappropriately in organs and joints, causing severe damage.
Gout is often caused by kidney failure from diets low in vitamin A, which is essential for normal kidney function. Other causes include diets too high in protein (greater than 30%), calcium, or vitamin D. Gout also can occur in birds as they age even if they have been fed nutritionally balanced diets.
In birds with gout, uric acid can be deposited in joints and be extremely painful. If an affected bird's pain can't be controlled, euthanasia might be needed to prevent suffering.
Surgical removal of crystals from a bird's joints is usually not practical, because they are often near blood vessels, and attempts to remove them often lead to uncontrollable bleeding. New crystal deposits form quickly unless the underlying problem is corrected. Medications given by mouth can help control gout and decrease pain in some cases.
Crystals can also be deposited in internal organs. This form of gout is usually not detected until the bird is very ill. Often, sudden death is the only sign.
The genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors that lead to gout are not completely understood. Birds should have yearly blood tests to monitor uric acid levels. Those with high uric acid levels should receive medications prescribed by a veterinarian to lower levels and should be fed complete, balanced, pelleted diets. You should also encourage a bird with gout to take in more water by offering it water-rich fruits and vegetables.
For More Information
Also see professional content regarding gout.
