Nasal Dermatoses of Dogs

Nasal dermatoses of dogs may be caused by many diseases. Lesions may affect the haired bridge of the muzzle, the planum nasale, or both. In pyoderma Pyoderma in Dogs and Cats Superficial pyoderma is a bacterial infection confined to the upper layers of the skin and hair follicle. The infection is usually secondary to local trauma, keratinization disorders, parasitic... read more , dermatophytosis Dermatophytosis in Dogs and Cats Dermatophytosis (ringworm) is typically a superficial skin infection. It affects a wide range of animals, and several of the causative fungi also cause zoonotic infections. In otherwise healthy... read more , and demodicosis Overview of Mange in Animals Mange, a general term for cutaneous acariasis, is an infectious disease characterized by crusty or scaly skin, pruritus, and alopecia. Infestation with one of several genera of parasitic mites... read more , the haired portions of the muzzle are affected. In systemic lupus erythematosus or pemphigus, the whole muzzle is often crusted (with occasional exudation of serum) or ulcerated. In systemic and discoid lupus, and occasionally in pemphigus and cutaneous lymphoma, the planum nasale is depigmented, erythematous, and eventually may ulcerate. The normal “cobblestone” appearance of the nasal planum is effaced.

Nasal dermatosis due to solar radiation probably is not as common as previously thought and may often be a misdiagnosis for the lupus variants. In true nasal solar dermatitis, the nonpigmented areas of the planum nasale are affected first, and occasionally the bridge of the nose may become inflamed and sometimes ulcerated. The lesions are worse in the summer, although lupus and pemphigus may also show this seasonal variation.

Any of the diseases listed above may affect the periocular areas. A sudden onset of nasal swelling, erythema, and exudation is often eosinophilic furunculosis; this is thought to be caused by an arthropod sting or bite. The protozoal disease leishmaniosis may cause depigmentation of the nasal planum.

Treatment depends on the cause. Diagnostic tests should include skin scrapings, bacterial and fungal cultures, and biopsies for both histopathology and immunologic testing, although such testing is not used as often as in the past because of the increase in veterinary dermatopathologists who may be able to make the diagnosis based on histopathology alone. If systemic lupus erythematosus is considered, blood for an antinuclear antibody test should be obtained.

If the diagnosis is nasal solar dermatitis, a topical corticosteroid lotion (betamethasone valerate, 0.1%) may help relieve inflammation. Exposure to sunlight must be severely curtailed. Topical sunscreens may be effective but need to be applied at least twice daily. Treatment for eosinophilic furunculosis is systemic corticosteroids, prednisone or prednisolone at 1 mg/kg, twice daily, for 1 week, after which the dosage should be gradually decreased over the course of 1 month.