Drugs to Avoid or Use with Caution in South American Camelids
Drugs to Avoid or Use with Caution in South American Camelids
Drug | Adverse Effect | Recommendation | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|
Lidocaine | Toxicosis at doses >4 mg/kg characterized by lethargy, ataxia, slow and labored breathing, weakness, hypotension, decreased consciousness | Use at lower doses of 2–4 mg/kg | Diazepam at 0.1–0.5 mg/kg, IV |
Glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, prednisolone, etc) | Abortion, fetal death, and complications of pregnancy, including retained placenta and uterine prolapse | Do not use any steroid-containing product in a pregnant female camelid, including topicals; steroids should be avoided in all animals having contact with a pregnant dam, because even mild topical contact can cause abortion | None |
Tilmicosin | Death from cardiovascular toxicity due to calcium channel blockade | Do not use this drug in camelids | None |
Ceftiofur (long-acting formulation given IV) | Neurologic signs, including blindness | Do not use IV in camelids; can be used SC | |
Tolazoline | Death following initial signs of anxiety, hyperesthesia, hypersalivation, tachypnea, convulsions, hypotension, and gastrointestinal hypermotility/diarrhea | Use atipamezole or yohimbine to reverse α2-adrenergic agonists | None |
Dinoprost tromethamine (prostaglandin F2α) | Rapid death, likely due to bronchiolar constriction and pulmonary edema | Do not use | None |
Leptospirosis 5-way killed vaccine | Associated with type-2 hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis | Avoid or use with caution and pretreat with antihistamines | If a reaction occurs, patient can be treated with antihistamines |
Atropine, both ophthalmic and parenteral formulations | Causes long-lasting pupillary dilation lasting as long as a week | Keep out of direct sunlight until papillary response is normal | None |
B-complex vitamin | Pruritus or hyperexcitement | Avoid in animals with known hypersensitivity | Antihistamines can be used for treatment |
Topical insecticides including eprinomectin and 10% permethrin | Dermatitis and blistering | Avoid in animals with known sensitivity | Supportive care, analgesics |