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MERCK MANUAL
Veterinary Manual
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Veterinary Topics
Pharmacology
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Pharmacology Introduction
Overview of Pharmacology
New Animal Drugs, Extralabel Drug Use, Compounded Drugs, and Generic Drugs
Disposition and Fate of Drugs
Passage of Drugs Across Cell Membranes
Drug Absorption
Absorption From the GI Tract
Absorption From Topical Administration
Absorption From Tracheobronchial Surfaces and Alveoli
Absorption From Injection Delivery Sites
Drug Bioavailability
Drug Distribution
Drug Metabolism
Drug Excretion
For More Information
Pharmacokinetics
Apparent Volume of Distribution
Drug Clearance
Elimination Rate Constant
Single-Dose Concentration Curves After Extravascular Administration
Steady-State Plasma Concentration (Repeated Administration or Constant IV Infusion)
Drug Action in Animals : Pharmacodynamics
Protein-Mediated Mechanisms of Drugs
Non–Protein-Mediated Mechanisms of Drugs
Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction
Drug-Receptor Binding
Log-Dose Effect Relationship
Receptor Agonists
Understanding Drug-Receptor Transduction
Antagonists
Noncompetitive Antagonists
Agonist/Antagonists
Inverse Agonists
Receptor Phenomena of Clinical Relevance
Hyporeactivity or Tolerance
Rapid Loss of Drug Effect: Tachyphylaxis
Loss of Drug Effect: Receptor Desensitization and Downregulation, and Exhaustion of Mediators
Hyperreactivity
Spare Receptors
Key Points
For More Information
Routes of Administration and Dosage Forms of Drugs
Oral Route of Administration and Dosage Forms
Oral Modified-release Delivery Systems for Ruminants
Parenteral Route of Administration and Dosage Forms
Special Dosage Form Considerations With Intra-articular Injections
Special Dosage Form Considerations With Recombinant Proteins and Peptides
Special Dosage Form Considerations With Live Vaccines, Inactivated and Subunit Vaccines, and DNA Vaccines
Topical Route of Administration and Dosage Forms
Specialized Topical Dosage Forms and Transdermal Delivery Systems
Specialized Topical Dosage Forms, Delivery Systems, and Application Methods for Parasite Control
Inhaled Delivery Systems and Dosage Forms
Chemical Residues in Animal Source Foods and Animal Fiber
Chemical Residues in Foodstuffs of Animal Origin
Residues Resulting from Veterinary Drugs, Medicated Feeds, or Application of Pesticides
Residues Resulting from Consumption of Feedstuffs Treated with Agricultural Chemicals
Chemical Residues in Animal Fibers
Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Cardiovascular System
Diuretics for Use in Animals
Furosemide
Preparations and Disposition
Drug Interactions and Toxicity
Clinical Use
Torsemide
Preparations and Disposition
Drug Interactions and Toxicity
Clinical Use
Thiazide Diuretics
Preparations and Disposition
Drug Interactions and Toxicity
Clinical Use
Potassium-sparing Diuretics
Preparations and Disposition
Drug Interactions and Toxicity
Clinical Use
Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Cardiovascular System in Animals
Positive Inotropes for Use in Animals
Cardiac Glycosides
Preparations and Disposition
Drug Interactions and Toxicity
Clinical Use
Toxicity and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
beta-Adrenergic Agonists
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors for Use in Animals
Preparations and Disposition
Drug Interactions and Toxicity
Clinical Use
Vasoactive Drugs for Use in Animals
Arterial Dilators
Arterial and Venous Dilators
Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor
Antiarrhythmics for Use in Animals
Class I Drugs
Class IA Drugs
Class IB Drugs
Class IC Drugs
Class II Drugs
Class III Drugs
Class IV Drugs
Drugs Acting on the Blood or Blood-Forming Organs in Animals
Hematinics
Hemostatics
Thromboprophylactics
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists for Use in Animals
Preparations and Disposition
Drug Interactions and Toxicity
Clinical Use
References
Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Digestive System
Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Digestive System
Drugs That Affect Appetite in Monogastric Animals
Appetite Suppression
Appetite Stimulation
Drugs Used to Control or Stimulate Vomiting in Monogastric Animals
Neurotransmitters Involved in Emesis
Afferent Pathways for Emesis
Emetic Drugs
Antiemetic Drugs
Drugs Used to Treat Gastrointestinal Ulcers in Monogastric Animals
Antacids
Sucralfate
Histaminergic Receptor Antagonists
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Rebound Gastric Acid Hypersecretion
Misoprostol
Drugs Used to Treat Diarrhea in Monogastric Animals
Mucosal Protectants and Adsorbents
Motility-Modifying Drugs
Antimicrobials
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Drugs Used to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Monogastric Animals
References
Gastrointestinal Prokinetic Drugs Used in Monogastric Animals
References
Cathartic and Laxative Drugs Used in Monogastric Animals
Stimulant Cathartics
Hyperosmotic Cathartics
Hydrophilic Colloids (Bulk Laxatives)
Lubricant Laxatives
Fecal Softeners (Surfactants)
Drugs That Affect Digestive Functions in Monogastric Animals
The Ruminant Digestive System
Drugs for Specific Purposes in the Ruminant Digestive System
Drugs for Esophageal Obstruction
Ruminotorics
Ruminal Transfaunate
Antifoaming Agents
Ruminoreticular Antacids
Abomasal Antiulcer Agents
Ruminoreticular Acidifying Agents
Modulators of Ruminoreticular Motility
References
Drug Disposition in the Ruminoreticulum
Modification of the Rumen Microbiome
Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Eye
Ocular Pharmacology in Animals
Ocular Anatomy
Ocular Therapeutics
Eye Effects
Drug Effects
For More Information
Routes of Administration for Ocular Medications in Animals
Topical Application
Topical Vehicles
Volume
Local Ocular Routes
Systemic Routes
Local Anesthetics for the Eye in Animals
For More Information
Treatment of Intraocular Inflammation in Animals
Canine Immune-mediated Disease
Canine Optic Neuritis
Equine Uveitis
Equine Optic Neuritis
For More Information
Treatment of Glaucoma in Animals
Osmotic Diuretics
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Topical
Systemic
Prostaglandins
Autonomic System
Beta-Blocking Adrenergics
Sympathomimetics
Parasympathomimetics
Diagnostic Tests Pertaining to Ocular Medications in Animals
Tear Tests
Ocular Stains
Autonomic Nervous System Agents
Mydriatics
Miotics
For More Information
Tear Replacements in Animals
For More Information
Tear Stimulants and Immunosuppressants in Animals
For More Information
Topical Antihistamines and Mast Cell Stabilizers in Animals
For More Information
Antimicrobial Use in Animals
Antimicrobials
Broad Spectrum Antimicrobials
Gram-positive Only
Gram-negative Only
Antivirals
Topical Antivirals
Systemic/Oral Antivirals
Ancillary Treatments
Antifungals
Topical Antifungals
Systemic Antifungals
For More Information
Antiproteolytic Agents (Enzyme Inhibitors) and Chelating Agents in Animals
For More Information
Anti-inflammatory Agents in Animals
Corticosteroids
Topical Corticosteroids
Subconjunctival
Intraocular
Systemic Steroids
NSAIDs
Topical NSAIDs
Systemic NSAIDs
Immunosuppressive Drugs in Animals
For More Information
Miscellaneous Agents for Ocular Treatment in Animals
For More Information
Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Integumentary System
Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Integumentary System in Animals
For More Information
Antibacterials for Integumentary Disease in Animals
For More Information
Antifungals for Integumentary Disease in Animals
Itraconazole
Ketoconazole
Fluconazole
Terbinafine
Griseofulvin
Amphotericin B
Flucytosine
Systemic Iodides
For More Information
Antiparasitic Drugs for Integumentary Disease in Animals
Isoxazolines
Ivermectin
Milbemycin Oxime
Moxidectin
Selamectin
Lufenuron
Nitenpyram
Spinosad
Sodium Stibogluconate
For More Information
Antihistamines for Integumentary Disease in Animals
For More Information
Essential Fatty Acids for Integumentary Disease in Animals
For More Information
Hormonal Treatment for Integumentary Disease in Animals
Glucocorticoids
Thyroid Hormone
Trilostane
Mitotane (o,p′DDD)
Progesterones
Growth Hormone
Sex Hormones
Melatonin
For More Information
Immunomodulators for Integumentary Disease in Animals
Immunostimulants
Immunosuppressants
Glucocorticoids
Azathioprine
Cyclophosphamide
Chlorambucil
Gold Salts
Cyclosporine
Oclacitinib
Lokivetmab
Sulfones
Tetracycline and Niacinamide
Pentoxifylline
For More Information
Psychotropic Agents for Integumentary Disease in Animals
For More Information
Vitamins and Minerals for Integumentary Disease in Animals
Retinoids
Zinc Salts
For More Information
Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Muscular System
Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Muscular System in Animals
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents for Animals
Competitive Nondepolarizing Agents
Depolarizing Agents
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants for Animals
Anabolic Steroids for Animals
Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Nervous System
Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Nervous System in Animals
Anticonvulsants for Treatment of Animals
Maintenance Anticonvulsants
Indications
Clinical Use
Bromide Salts
Mechanism of Action of Bromide Salts
Pharmacokinetics of Bromide Salts
Dosing Considerations for Bromide Salts
Monitoring of Bromide Salts
Adverse Effects of Bromide Salts
Phenobarbital
Newer or Adjunctive Anticonvulsants
Clonazepam
Clorazepate Dipotassium
Felbamate
Gabapentin
Imepitoin
Levetiracetam
Pregabalin
Topiramate
Zonisamide
Mechanism of Action of Zonisamide
Pharmacokinetics of Zonisamide
Dosing Considerations for Zonisamide
Monitoring of Zonisamide
Adverse Effects of Zonisamide
Older Anticonvulsants No Longer Recommended for Maintenance Treatment
Diazepam (Former Use)
Mephenytoin (Former Use)
Phenytoin (Former Use)
Primidone (Former Use)
Valproic Acid (Valproate) (Former Use)
References
Anticonvulsants for Emergency Treatment of Seizures in Dogs and Cats
Benzodiazepines
Clonazepam
Clorazepate Dipotassium
Diazepam
Midazolam
Other Drugs
Cannabidiol
Ketamine
Levetiracetam
Phenobarbital
Propofol
Sodium Pentobarbital
Inhalation Anesthesia
Alternative Methods to Stop Seizures
Ocular Compression
Dietary Modification
References
Tranquilizers, Sedatives, and Analgesics for Treatment of Animals
Acepromazine
Alfaxalone
Propofol
References
Psychotropic Agents for Treatment of Animals
Anxiolytics
Buspirone
Clorazepate
Diazepam
Gabapentin
Imepitoin
Oxazepam and Alprazolam
Antipsychotics
Mood-Stabilizing Drugs
Carbamazepine
Lithium
Valproic Acid
Antidepressants
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Other Agents and Hormones
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
Megestrol Acetate
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Progestin Hormones
References
Anticonvulsants for Emergency Treatment of Seizures in Large Animals and Exotic Species
Foals and Horses
Diazepam for Emergency Treatment of Seizures in Foals and Horses
Midazolam for Emergency Treatment of Seizures in Foals and Horses
Phenytoin for Emergency Treatment of Seizures in Foals and Horses
Other Drugs for Emergency Treatment of Seizures in Foals and Horses
Drugs for Emergency Treatment of Seizures in Equine Neonates
Diazepam
Midazolam
Phenytoin
Ruminants
Swine
Exotic Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
References
Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Reproductive System
Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Reproductive System in Animals
For More Information
Effect of Reproductive Treatment on the Fetus or Neonate in Animals
For More Information
Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Respiratory System
Systemic Treatment of Inflammatory Airway Disease in Animals
Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
Methylxanthines
Anticholinergic Drugs
Glucocorticoids
Cyproheptadine
Antimicrobial Treatment
For More Information
Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Respiratory System in Animals
For More Information
Antitussive Drugs in Animals
For More Information
Species Approach to Inflammatory Airway Disease in Animals
For More Information
Inhalation Treatment of Airway Disease in Animals
Spacers
Beta2-Agonists
Glucocorticoids
Ipratropium Bromide
Cromolyn Sodium and Nedocromil
Lidocaine
Suggested Treatment Regimens
For More Information
Expectorants and Mucolytic Drugs in Animals
For More Information
Decongestants in Animals
For More Information
Respiratory Stimulants in Animals
For More Information
Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Urinary System
Pharmacotherapeutics in Bacterial Prostatitis in Dogs and Cats
Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Urinary System in Animals
Pharmacotherapeutics in Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections in Animals
Antimicrobial Treatment of Bacterial UTIs
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Chloramphenicol
Fluoroquinolones
Aminoglycosides
Nitrofurantoin
Tetracyclines
Trimethoprim-Sulfonamides
Ancillary Treatment of Bacterial UTIs
Dosage Regimens for Sporadic Bacterial Cystitis
Management of Recurrent Bacterial Cystitis
Management of Relapsing UTIs
Subclinical Bacteriuria
Antimicrobial Resistance in Uropathogens
References
Pharmacotherapeutics in Fungal Urinary Tract Infections in Animals
Diuretics Used to Treat Urinary Disease in Animals
Loop Diuretics
Furosemide
Torsemide
Thiazide Diuretics
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Osmotic Diuretics
Dopamine for Treatment of Urinary Disease in Animals
Pharmacotherapeutics in Glomerular Diseases in Animals
Pharmacotherapeutics in Diabetes Insipidus in Animals
Controlling Urine pH in Animals
Cystine-Binding Agents Used to Treat Urinary Disease in Animals
Allopurinol
Pharmacotherapeutics in Urinary Incontinence in Dogs and Cats
Estrogens
Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists
Testosterone
Pharmacotherapeutics in Urine Retention in Animals
Pharmacotherapeutics in Seminal Vesiculitis in Bulls
Pharmacotherapeutics in Urolithiasis in Animals
For More Information
Antimicrobials
Antimicrobial Drug Factors for Animals
Mechanism of Action
Drug Disposition
Virulence and Resistance
Antimicrobial Stewardship
Special Considerations for Food Animal Veterinarians
Microbiology Testing for Animals
Microbiological Diagnosis
Interpretation of Culture and Susceptibility Testing
Antimicrobial Polytherapy for Animals
Overview of Antimicrobials for Animals
Design of Dosing Regimens for Animals
References
Anthelmintics
Anthelmintic Drugs for Animals
Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms of Anthelmintic Action in Animals
Cellular Integrity
Neuromuscular Coordination
Key Points
For More Information
Pharmacokinetics of Anthelmintics in Animals
Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidazoles
Imidazothiazoles
Tetrahydropyrimidines
Macrocyclic Lactones
Amino-Acetonitrile Derivatives
Cyclic Octadepsipeptides
Spiroindoles
Nitrophenols and Salicylanilides
Praziquantel
Key Points
For More Information
References
Withholding Periods After Anthelmintic Treatment in Animals
Key Points
Safety of Anthelmintics in Animals
Key Points
Resistance to Anthelmintics in Animals
Key Points
For More Information
Combination Anthelmintics for Animals
Antibacterial Agents
Streptogramins Use in Animals
Lincosamides Use in Animals
General Properties
Antimicrobial Activity
Mode of Action
Bacterial Resistance
Antimicrobial Spectra
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Excretion
Pharmacokinetic Values
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Drug Withdrawal Times
Novobiocin Sodium Use in Animals
Ionophores Use in Animals
Beta-Lactam Antimicrobial Use in Animals
Antimicrobial Activity
Mode of Action
Bacterial Resistance
Penicillins Use in Animals
Classes by Spectrum
Narrow-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Sensitive Penicillins
Broad-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Sensitive Penicillins
Broad-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Sensitive Penicillins With Extended Spectra
Beta-Lactamase–Protected Penicillins
Narrow-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Resistant Penicillins
Carbapenems
General Properties
Structure-Activity Relationships
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Excretion
Pharmacokinetic Values
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Cephalosporins and Cephamycins Use in Animals
Classes and Antibacterial Spectra
First-Generation Cephalosporins
Second-Generation Cephalosporins
Third- and Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins
General Properties
Antimicrobial Activity
Bacterial Resistance
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Excretion
Pharmacokinetic Parameters
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Aminoglycosides Use in Animals
Classes
Narrow-Spectrum Aminoglycosides
Expanded-Spectrum Aminoglycosides
Miscellaneous Aminoglycoside Antimicrobials
General Properties
Antimicrobial Activity
Mode of Action
Bacterial Resistance
Antibacterial Spectra
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation, Excretion, and Pharmacokinetic Values
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Miscellaneous Aminocyclitol Antimicrobials
Quinolones, Including Fluoroquinolones, for Use in Animals
Classes
General Properties
Antimicrobial Activity
Mode of Action
Bacterial Resistance
Antimicrobial Spectra
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Excretion
Pharmacokinetic Values
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
For More Information
Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Combinations Use in Animals
Classes
Standard-Use Sulfonamides
Highly Soluble Sulfonamides Used for Urinary Tract Infections
Potentiated Sulfonamides
Topical Sulfonamides
General Properties
Antimicrobial Activity
Mode of Action
Bacterial Resistance
Antimicrobial Spectra
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Excretion
Pharmacokinetic Values
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Regulatory Considerations and Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Tetracyclines Use in Animals
Classes
General Properties
Antimicrobial Activity
Mode of Action
Bacterial Resistance
Antimicrobial Spectra
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Excretion
Pharmacokinetic Values
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Phenicols Use in Animals
General Properties
Antimicrobial Activity
Mode of Action
Bacterial Resistance
Antimicrobial Spectra
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Excretion
Pharmacokinetic Values
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Macrolide Use in Animals
Classes
General Properties
Antimicrobial Activity
Mode of Action
Bacterial Resistance
Antimicrobial Spectra
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Excretion
Pharmacokinetic Values
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Polymyxins Use in Animals
Bacitracins Use in Animals
Glycopeptides Use in Animals
Tiamulin Fumarate Use in Animals
Rifamycins Use in Animals
Nitrofurans Use in Animals
Nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurazone
Furazolidone
Nitroimidazoles Use in Animals
Metronidazole
Antifungal Agents
Allylamines for Use in Animals
Antifungal Activity
Mode of Action
Fungal Resistance
Antifungal Spectra
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation and Pharmacokinetics
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Iodides for Use in Animals
Overview of Antifungal Agents for Use in Animals
Polyene Macrolide Antimicrobials for Use In Animals
Antifungal Activity
Mode of Action
Fungal Resistance
Antifungal Spectra
Preparations
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation and Excretion
Pharmacokinetics
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Azoles for Use in Animals
Antifungal Activity
Mode of Action
Fungal Resistance
Antimicrobial Spectra
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption and Distribution
Biotransformation and Excretion
Pharmacokinetics
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Fluoropyrimidines for Use in Animals
Antifungal Activity
Mode of Action
Fungal Resistance
Antifungal Spectra
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption and Distribution
Biotransformation and Excretion
Pharmacokinetics
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Griseofulvin for Use in Animals
Antifungal Activity
Mode of Action
Fungal Resistance
Antifungal Spectra
Pharmacokinetic Features
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation and Pharmacokinetics
Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
Special Clinical Concerns
Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Interactions
Effects on Laboratory Tests
Topical Antifungal Agents for Use in Animals
Respiratory Therapy
Aural Therapy
Ocular Therapy
Antineoplastic Agents
Overview of Antineoplastic Agents
Effects of Chemotherapy on Tumor Growth
Principles of Antineoplastic Chemotherapy
Resistance to Antineoplastic Agents
Conventional Chemotherapeutic Agents
Patterns of Toxicity
Targeted Antineoplastic Agents in Animals
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Metronomic Chemotherapy
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Cancer Vaccines
Immunostimulants
Monoclonal Antibodies
Novel Drugs
Safe Handling of Antineoplastic Chemotherapeutic Agents Used in Animals
Antiseptics and Disinfectants
Overview of Antiseptics and Disinfectants for Use With Animals
Disinfection: Process and Facility Design Factors
Acids and Alkalies as Antiseptics and Disinfectants for Use With Animals
Acids
Alkalies
Alcohols as Antiseptics and Disinfectants for Use With Animals
Biguanides as Antiseptics and Disinfectants for Use With Animals
Oxidizing Agents as Antiseptics and Disinfectants for Use With Animals
Peroxides
Halogens and Halogen-Containing Compounds
Chlorine
Iodine
Fluorine
Metals as Antiseptics and Disinfectants for Use With Animals
Phenols and Related Compounds as Antiseptics and Disinfectants for Use With Animals
Reducing Agents as Antiseptics and Disinfectants for Use With Animals
Surface-active Compounds (Surfactants) as Antiseptics and Disinfectants for Use With Animals
Anionic Surfactants
Cationic Surfactants
Other Antimicrobial Agents for Use With Animals
Vapor-Phase Disinfectants for Use With Animals
Heat as a Disinfectant for Use With Animals
Ultraviolet Light as Antiseptic and Disinfectant for Use With Animals
Practical Summary of Antiseptic and Disinfectant Use in Animals
Antiviral Agents
Overview of Antiviral Agents Used in Animals
Miscellaneous Antiviral Agents Used in Animals
References
Pyrimidine Nucleosides Used in Animals
Purine Nucleosides Used in Animals
Acyclovir
References
Amantadine
References
Cidofovir
Penciclovir and Famciclovir
References
Valacyclovir
Vidarabine
Zidovudine
References
Ectoparasiticides
Ectoparasiticides Used in Large Animals
Chemotherapeutic Agents
Organophosphates and Carbamates
Pyrethrins and Synthetic Pyrethroids
Macrocyclic Lactones (Avermectins and Milbemycins)
Formamidines
Chloronicotinyls and Spinosyns
Insect Growth Regulators and Feed-Through Larvicides
Miscellaneous Compounds
Integrated Control
Biological Control
Anti-Tick Vaccines
Off-Host Control
Safety Restrictions
Key Points
For More Information
Ectoparasiticides Used in Small Animals
Active Chemical Ingredients
Macrocyclic Lactones
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Neonicotinoids
Formamidines
Oxadiazines
Isoxazolines
Insect Growth Regulators
Phenylpyrazoles
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
Spinosyns
Synergists
Repellents
Target Parasite Efficacy
Toxicity
Delivery Systems
For More Information
Growth Promotants and Production Enhancers
Overview of Growth Promotants and Production Enhancers in Animals
Use of Steroid Hormones in Animals
Endogenous Steroids
Estradiol
Testosterone
Progesterone
Synthetic Steroids
Synthetic Nonsteroidal Estrogens
Use in Cattle
Use in Horses
Use in Other Species
Possible Complications
Factors Affecting Response
Use of Growth Hormone in Animals
Use of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists in Animals
Antimicrobial Feed Additives for Animals
Ionophore antimicrobials
Nonionophore antimicrobials
Probiotics for Animals
Inflammation
Overview of Inflammation in Animals
For More Information
Pathophysiology of Inflammation in Animals
For More Information
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation in Animals
For More Information
Antihistamines in Animals
For More Information
Corticosteroids in Animals
Mode of Action
Physiologic and Pharmacologic Effects
Administration and Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
Therapeutic Uses
For More Information
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Animals
Mode of Action
Pharmacologic Effects
Administration and Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
Specific Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Aspirin
Acetaminophen
Phenylbutazone
Meclofenamic Acid
Tolfenamic Acid
Flunixin
Carprofen
Ketoprofen
Etodolac
Vedaprofen
Meloxicam
Deracoxib
Firocoxib
Robenacoxib
Mavacoxib
Grapiprant
Dipyrone
Other NSAIDs
For More Information
Chondroprotective Agents in Animals
Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan
Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
Hyaluronan
Orgotein
For More Information
Vaccines and Immunotherapy
Active Immunity in Animals
For More Information
Types of Vaccines for Animals
Nonliving Vaccines
Subunit Vaccines
Antigens Generated by Gene Cloning
DNA Plasmid Vaccines
RNA Vaccines
Modified Live Virus Vaccines
Attenuated Vaccines
Gene-Deleted Vaccines
Virus-Vectored Vaccines
Key Points
For More Information
Administration of Vaccines in Animals
Route of Administration
Combination Vaccines
Vaccination Schedules
DIVA Vaccines
Key Points
For More Information
Immunologic Adjuvants in Animals
Vaccine Failure and Other Adverse Events in Animals
Key Points
For More Information
Production of Vaccines for Animals
Passive Immunity in Animals
Polyclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal Antibodies
Nonspecific Immunotherapy in Animals
Tumor Immunotherapy in Animals
For More Information
