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MERCK MANUAL
Veterinary Manual
VETERINARY PROFESSIONALS
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Veterinary Topics
Exotic and Laboratory Animals
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Amphibians
Overview of Amphibians
Description and Physical Characteristics
For More Information
Environment and Husbandry for Amphibians
Quarantine
For More Information
Clinical Techniques in Amphibians
Anesthesia
References
Euthanasia
For More Information
Infectious Diseases of Amphibians
Bacterial Diseases
Brucella inopinata-like
Chlamydiosis
Mycobacteriosis
Red-leg syndrome (bacterial dermatosepticemia)
Fungal Diseases
Chromoblastomycosis
Chytridiomycosis
Saprolegniasis
Zygomycosis
Parasitic Diseases
Nematodes
Trematodes and Cestodes
Arthropods and Crustaceans
Protozoa
Mesomycetozoans
Viral Diseases
Ranavirus
Ranid herpesvirus-1
For More Information
Noninfectious Disorders of Amphibians
Nutritional Diseases
Metabolic bone disease
Thiamine deficiency
Hypovitaminosis A
Obesity
Corneal lipidosis
Renal oxalosis
Urolithiasis
Neoplasia
Trauma
For More Information
Emergency Care of Amphibians
For More Information
Amphibians as Laboratory Animals
For More Information
Aquaculture
Overview of Aquaculture
Production Methods in Aquaculture
Production Medicine and Biosecurity in Aquaculture
Animal Management
Pathogen Management
Human Management
Cleaning and Disinfection
Necropsy and Diagnostic Techniques in Aquaculture
The National Aquatic Animal Health Plan
Reportable Diseases and Regulatory Concerns in Aquaculture
Health Certification
Therapeutic Considerations in Aquaculture
FDA-approved Drugs, Indexed Drugs, Pesticides, and Regulatory Concerns
Antimicrobials
Other Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Formalin
Chloramine-T
Hypersalinity and Hyposalinity
Copper Sulfate
Potassium Permanganate
Diquat
Diflubenzuron
Anesthetics/Sedatives
Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS-222, TMS)
Eugenol
Metomidate
Spawning Compounds
Chorionic Gonadotropin
Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (sGnRHa) + Domperidone
Infectious Diseases in Aquaculture
Ponds
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
Net Pens/Cage Culture
Parasitic Diseases in Aquaculture
Protists Infecting Gills and Skin
Internal Protistan Parasites
Internal Metazoan Parasites
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Other Vermiform Internal Parasites
Crustacean Parasites
Bacterial Diseases in Aquaculture
Common Bacterial Pathogens (
Aeromonas
,
Vibrio
, and
Edwardsiella
)
Yersiniosis
Edwardsiella piscicida
and
E piscicida
−like Diseases
Columnaris and Related Diseases
Bacterial Kidney Disease
Mycobacteriosis
Rickettsia and Rickettsial-like Diseases
Francisellosis
Mycotic Diseases in Aquaculture
Mycotoxins
Viral Diseases in Aquaculture
Herpesviruses (Alloherpesviruses)
Channel Catfish Virus Disease
Novirhabdoviruses
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia
Iridoviruses
Viral Erythrocytic Necrosis
Epizootic Hematopoietic Necrosis
Largemouth Bass Virus
Megalocytiviruses
Other Viruses
Infectious Salmon Anemia
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis
Salmonid Alphaviruses
Viral Nervous Necrosis (Betanodaviruses)
Aquatic Systems
Overview, Types, and Features of Aquatic Systems
Aquatic Life Support System Components
Biologic Filtration
Mechanical Filtration
Chemical Filtration
Equipment Needed for Aquatic Systems and Water Analysis
Diagnostics: Taking the Environmental History of Aquatic Systems
Environmental Diseases of Aquatic Animals in Aquatic Systems
Chlorine, Chloramine, and Other Toxicants
Dissolved Gases
Nitrogenous Compounds
pH and Carbonate Compounds
Salinity
Temperature
Environmental Considerations for Selected Infectious Diseases of Aquatic Animals
Mycobacteria
Bacterial Gill Disease
The Role of Temperature in Infectious Diseases
Excessive Organic Load
Infectious Sequelae of Environmental Disease
Aquarium Fish
Overview of Aquarium Fish
For More Information
Fish Taxonomy
Ostariophysi
Cyprinidae
Characiformes
Loricariidae
Callichthyidae
Neoteleostei
Cichlidae
Poeciliidae
Osphronemidae
For More Information
Management of Aquarium Fish
Physiology
Obtaining a History and Clinical Information
Necropsy and Diagnostic Techniques
Treatment Considerations
FDA-approved Drugs and Regulatory Concerns
Antimicrobials
Parasiticides
Anesthetics
Euthanasia
Surgical Considerations
Quarantine and Biosecurity
Biosecurity for the Home Aquarium
Common Water Quality Problems in Hobbyist Aquaria
For More Information
Nutritional Diseases of Fish
For More Information
Parasitic Diseases of Fish
Protistans Infecting Gills and Skin
Ciliates
Flagellates
Oomycota
Internal Protistan Parasites
Flagellates
Sporozoans
Metazoan Parasites
Myxozoans
Monogeneans
Trematodes
Cestodes
Nematodes
Leeches
Crustaceans
For More Information
Bacterial Diseases of Fish
Aeromonas
,
Pseudomonas
, and Vibriosis
Edwardsiella
Epitheliocystis
Flavobacterium
Gram-positive Bacterial Infections
Mycobacteria
For More Information
Mycotic Diseases of Fish
For More Information
Viral Diseases of Fish
Herpesviruses (Alloherpesviruses)
Carp Pox
Koi Herpesvirus
Herpesviral Hematopoietic Necrosis
Herpesvirus of Angelfish
Rhabdoviruses
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS)
Spring Viremia of Carp (SVC)
Iridoviruses
Lymphocystis Disease
Megalocytivirus
Other Viruses
For More Information
Neoplasia of Fish
For More Information
Ferrets
Overview of Ferrets
For More Information
Management of Ferrets
Housing
Nutrition
Clinical Care
Physical examination
Sample collection
Anesthesia
Vaccination
Infectious Diseases of Ferrets
Bacterial Diseases
Viral Diseases
Fungal Diseases
Parasitic Diseases
Neoplasia of Ferrets
Endocrine Disorders of Ferrets
Noninfectious Diseases of Ferrets
Hedgehogs
Overview of Hedgehogs
Anatomy, Physiology, and Behavior
Management of Hedgehogs
Housing
Diet
Breeding and Neonatal Care
Restraint and Examination
Clinical Techniques
Anesthesia and Surgery
Preventive Medicine
Diseases of Hedgehogs
Cardiovascular and Hematologic Diseases
Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Diseases
Integumentary Diseases
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Neoplasia
Neurologic Diseases
Nutritional Disorders
Ocular Diseases
Oral and Dental Diseases
Reproductive Diseases
Respiratory Diseases
Urinary Diseases
Zoonoses
Laboratory Animals
Regulatory Requirements Regarding Use of Laboratory Animals
Program Accreditation
Veterinary Care
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Emergency Preparedness
For More Information
References
Animals Used in Research
For More Information
References
Management of Laboratory Animals
Housing
Bedding
Feeding
Water
Sanitation
Pest Control
For More Information
References
Colony Monitoring of Laboratory Animals
For More Information
Llamas and Alpacas
Overview of Llamas and Alpacas
Management of Llamas and Alpacas
Housing
Feeding and Nutrition
Handling and Restraint
Sedation and Anesthesia
Clinical Pathology
Pharmacology and Cautions
Reproduction of Llamas and Alpacas
Camelid Reproductive Physiology
Females
Males
Management of Reproductive Problems
Herd Health of Llamas and Alpacas
Neonatal Care
Parasite Control
Parasitic Diseases
Vaccination
Digestive Anatomy
Foot Care and Nail Trimming
Routine Care
Shearing
Diseases of Llamas and Alpacas
Noninfectious diseases
Heat Stress
Neoplasia
Hepatic disease
Camelid Liver
Hyperglycemia, Hyperosmolarity, and Insulin Resistance
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Gastric Ulcers
Megaesophagus
Small and Large Intestinal Diseases
Stomach Atony
Congenital Diseases
Dermatologic disease
Copper Deficiency
Dorsal Nasal Alopecia (Dark Nose Syndrome)
Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis
Munge
Bacterial Diseases
Viral Diseases
Mycoplasma
Infection
Fungal infections
Medical procedures used in camelids
Marine Mammals
Overview of Marine Mammals
Management of Marine Mammals
Restraint
Anesthesia
Sample Collection
Blood Collection
Urine Collection
Gastric Sample Collection
Respiratory Sample Collection
Environmental Diseases of Marine Mammals
Ocular Diseases
Gastric Foreign Bodies
Gastrointestinal Ulcers
Trauma
Oil Exposure
Pneumonia
Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases of Marine Mammals
Neonatal Nutrition
Thiamine Deficiency
Vitamin E Deficiency (Steatitis, White Fat Disease)
Hyponatremia (Salt Deficiency, Addison Disease)
Histamine Toxicosis (Scombroid Poisoning, Mackerel Poisoning)
Iron Storage Disease (Hemochromatosis)
Bacterial Diseases of Marine Mammals
Actinomycetes
Brucellosis
Clostridial Myositis
Erysipelas (Diamond Skin Disease)
Leptospirosis
Streptothricosis (Dolphin Pseudopox, Cutaneous Dermatophilosis)
Mycobacteriosis
Mycoplasmosis
Miscellaneous Bacterial Diseases
Mycotic Diseases of Marine Mammals
Aspergillosis
Candidiasis
Cryptococcosis
Dermatophytosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis (Lobomycosis, Lacaziosis)
Systemic Mycoses
Zygomycetes
Parasitic Diseases of Marine Mammals
Acanthocephalans
Acariasis
Pediculosis
Lungworm
Heartworm
Other Nematodes
Cestodiasis
Trematodiasis
Coccidiosis
Sarcocystis
Toxoplasmosis
Viral Diseases of Marine Mammals
Adenovirus
Caliciviruses (San Miguel Sea Lion Virus)
Herpesvirus
Influenza Virus
Morbilliviruses
Poxvirus
Miscellaneous Viral Diseases
Neoplastic Diseases of Marine Mammals
Miniature Pet Pigs
Overview of Miniature Pet Pigs
Management of Miniature Pet Pigs
Environment
Housing
Exercise
Behavior
Training
Vaccinations
Parasite Control
Dental Care
Nail and Hoof Care
Reproduction of Miniature Pet Pigs
Females
Males
Feeding and Nutrition of Miniature Pet Pigs
Diseases of Miniature Pet Pigs
Gastrointestinal System
Integumentary System
Musculoskeletal System
Nervous System
Respiratory System
Urinary System
Mink
Management of Farmed Mink
Production Cycle
Housing
Nutrition
Breeding
Vaccination
Pelt Collection
Bacterial Diseases of Mink
Botulism
Hemorrhagic Pneumonia
Urinary Tract Infections and Urolithiasis
Foot Pad Necrosis
Mastitis
Miscellaneous Bacterial Diseases
Viral Diseases of Mink
Aleutian Disease (Mink Plasmacytosis)
Canine Distemper
Mink Viral Enteritis
Preweaning Diarrhea (Sticky Kit Syndrome)
Influenza
SARS-CoV-2
Pseudorabies (Aujeszky Disease)
Astrovirus (Shaky Mink Syndrome)
For Further Information
Prion Disease of Mink
Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy
Nutritional Diseases of Mink
Toxicosis of Mink
Miscellaneous Diseases of Mink
Nonhuman Primates
Overview of Nonhuman Primates
Bacterial Diseases of Nonhuman Primates
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Pneumonia
Tetanus
Tuberculosis
Key Points
Fungal Diseases of Nonhuman Primates
Key Points
Parasites That Cause Disease in Nonhuman Primates
Arthropods
Helminths
Cestodes and Trematodes
Protozoa
Key Points
Viruses That Cause Disease in Nonhuman Primates
B Virus
Other Herpesviruses
Hepatitis A Virus
Rubeola (Measles) Virus
Mpox Virus
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Oncornaviruses
Respiratory Viruses
Gastrointestinal Viruses
Hemorrhagic Viruses
Key Points
For More Information
Nutritional Diseases of Nonhuman Primates
Key Points
For More Information
Miscellaneous Conditions of Nonhuman Primates
Diabetes Mellitus
Dental Disease and Tooth Root Abscesses
Endometriosis
Acute Gastric Dilatation
Neoplasia
Noninfectious Diarrhea
Trauma
Key Points
Procedures and Emergency Medical Techniques for Nonhuman Primates
Key Points
Psychological Well-Being and Environmental Enrichment of Nonhuman Primates
Key Points
For More Information
Rabbits
Overview of Rabbits
Management of Rabbits
Restraint
Physical Examination and Sample Collection
Clinical Pathology
Therapeutics
Preventive Care
Reproduction
Rearing Orphaned Kits
Surgery
Euthanasia
Other Management Techniques
For More Information
Housing of Rabbits
Basic Rabbit Husbandry
Cages and Ancillary Equipment
Pens
Group Housing
Sanitation
Nutrition of Rabbits
Water Requirements
Calculation of Calorie Intake
Carbohydrates
Pelleted Diets
Recommended Fiber Levels
Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases of Rabbits
Pasteurellosis
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
Listeriosis
Intestinal Diseases
Enterotoxemia
Tyzzer Disease
Colibacillosis
Proliferative Enteropathy
Mucoid Enteropathy
Mastitis
Treponematosis
Dermatophytosis
Tularemia
Viral Diseases of Rabbits
Myxomatosis
Rabbit (Shope) Fibroma Virus
Rabbitpox
Papillomatosis
Rotaviral Infection
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease
Parasitic Diseases of Rabbits
Coccidiosis
Hepatic Coccidiosis
Intestinal Coccidiosis
Larval Worm Infection
Ectoparasites
Encephalitozoonosis
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pinworms
Noninfectious Diseases of Rabbits
Broken Back
Cannibalism
Dental Disease
Dental Malocclusion
Gastric Stasis, Hair Chewing, and Hairballs
Liver Lobe Torsion
Heat Exhaustion
Hutch Burn
Ketosis
Moist Dermatitis
Ophthalmologic Disease
Ulcerative Pododermatitis
Urolithiasis
Heritable Diseases
Buphthalmia
Splay Leg
Neoplasia
Cardiovascular Disease
For More Information
Reptiles
Clinical Procedures for Reptiles
Physical Examination
Physical Examination of Snakes
Physical Examination of Lizards
Physical Examination of Tortoises, Turtles, and Terrapins
Anesthesia and Analgesia
Preanesthetic Assessment and Stabilization of Reptiles
Anesthetic Induction of Reptiles
Maintenance of Anesthesia in Reptiles
Postoperative Support for Reptiles
Diagnostic Techniques
Radiology of Reptiles
Ultrasonography of Reptiles
CT and MRI of Reptiles
Blood Collection in Reptiles
Necropsy of Reptiles
Surgery and Endoscopy
Surgery in Reptiles
Endoscopy in Reptiles
Medical Procedures
Drug Dosage and Allometric Scaling in Reptiles
Antimicrobials in Reptiles
Parasiticides in Reptiles
Other Medications in Reptiles
Fluid Therapy in Reptiles
For More Information
References
Reproductive Diseases of Reptiles
Dystocia (Egg Retention)
Vent Prolapse
For More Information
Overview of Reptiles
Anatomy
Physiology
Reproduction
For More Information
Management and Husbandry of Reptiles
Species
Enclosure
Heating
Environmental Lighting
Humidity
Quarantine and Recordkeeping
Nutrition
For More Information
Bacterial Diseases of Reptiles
Septicemia
Septicemic Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease
Ulcerative or Necrotic Dermatitis
Abscesses
Infectious Stomatitis
Pneumonia
Mycoplasmosis
Otitis
Cloacitis
Spinal Osteopathy/Osteomyelitis
Mycobacteriosis
Salmonella enterica
Infection
For More Information
Mycotic Diseases of Reptiles
For More Information
Viral Diseases of Reptiles
Inclusion Body Disease of Boid Snakes
Retroviruses
Adenoviruses
Herpesviruses
Ferlavirus and Nidovirus
West Nile Virus
Papillomas
Iridoviruses
Other Viruses
For More Information
Parasitic Diseases of Reptiles
Ectoparasites
Helminths
Pentastomes
Protozoal Diseases
For More Information
Environmental Diseases and Traumatic Injuries of Reptiles
For More Information
Nutritional, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases of Reptiles
Gout
Metabolic Bone Diseases
Nutritional Disorders
Hypovitaminosis A in Nutritional Disorders of Reptiles
Hypovitaminosis B1 (Thiamine) in Nutritional Disorders of Reptiles
Obesity in Nutritional Disorders of Reptiles
Starvation in Nutritional Disorders of Reptiles
Miscellaneous Endocrine Disorders
For More Information
Neoplastic Diseases of Reptiles
For More Information
Rodents
Rodents
Chinchillas
Biology
Husbandry
Physical Examination
Infectious Diseases
Bacterial Infections
Viral Infections
Parasitic Infections
Fungal Infections
Dental Disease
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Metabolic and Other Diseases
Traumatic Injuries
Reproductive and Iatrogenic Disorders
Neoplastic Disorders
Miscellaneous Disorders
Age-related Disorders
Cardiac Disease
Foot Disorders
Zoonotic Risk
For More Information
Gerbils
Biology
Husbandry
Physical Examination
Infectious Diseases
Bacterial, Mycoplasmal, and Rickettsial Infections
Viral Infections
Parasitic Infections
Fungal Infections
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
Traumatic Injuries
Iatrogenic Conditions
Neoplasia
Miscellaneous Disorders
Congenital Disorders
Age-related Disorders
Zoonotic Risk
For More Information
Guinea Pigs
Biology
Husbandry
Physical Examination
Infectious Diseases
Bacterial Infections
Viral Infections
Parasitic Infestations
Fungal Infections
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
Reproductive and Iatrogenic Disorders
Neoplasia
Miscellaneous Disorders
Antibiotic Toxicity
Urolithiasis
Dental Disease
Alopecia
Zoonotic Risk
For More Information
Hamsters
Biology
Husbandry
Physical Examination
Infectious Diseases
Bacterial Infections
Viral Infections
Parasitic Infections
Fungal Infections
Neoplasia
Miscellaneous Disorders
Age-related Disorders
Zoonotic Risk
For More Information
Mice and Rats as Pets
Biology
Husbandry
Physical Examination
Infectious Diseases
Bacterial Infections
Viral Infections
Parasitic Infections
Fungal Infections
Neoplasia
Miscellaneous and Iatrogenic Disorders
Dental Overgrowth
Age-related Disorders
Skin Disease
Chromodacryorrhea
Zoonotic Risk
For More Information
Mice and Rats as Laboratory Animals
For More Information
Sugar Gliders
Diseases and Syndromes of Sugar Gliders
Drug Dosages
Bacterial Diseases
Protozoal and Parasitic Diseases
Nutritional Osteodystrophy
Dental Disease
Diarrhea
Pouch Disorders
Urinary Tract Disorders
Paracloacal Gland Impaction
Neurological Disease
Neoplasia
Behavior Disorders
Miscellaneous Disorders
Zoonoses
Key Points
For More Information
References
Overview of Sugar Gliders
Physical Examination
Diagnostic and Treatment
Blood Collection, Hematology, and Biochemistry
Anesthesia and Surgery
Nutrition and Housing
Key Points
For More Information
References
Vaccination of Exotic Mammals
Vaccination of Exotic Mammals
Rabies
Canine Distemper
Canine Parvovirus and Feline Parvovirus (Panleukopenia)
Clostridial Diseases
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella
Seasonal Influenza
Feline Herpesvirus
Feline Calicivirus
Equine Encephalitides
Canine Adenovirus 1
SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19)
Leptospirosis
Rotavirus and Coronavirus
Miscellaneous
Key Points
For More Information
Zoo Animals
Overview of Zoo Animals
Management of Zoo Animals
Husbandry
Reproduction
Preventive Medicine for Zoo Animals
Quarantine
Parasite Control
Vaccination
Postmortem Examination
Pest Control
Nutrition
Clinical Care Programs for Zoo Animals
Behavioral Training
Physical Restraint
Diagnostic Techniques
Drug Administration
Anesthesia
Regulatory Issues
Zoonoses
Common Disorders and Procedures of Zoo Animals
Birds
Avian Influenza in Birds
Avian Influenza in Birds
Pet Birds
Mycotic Diseases of Pet Birds
Candidiasis
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Aspergillosis
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster
Infection
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Miscellaneous Mycoses
For More Information
Reproductive Diseases of Pet Birds
Behavioral Problems
Excessive or Chronic Egg Laying
Egg Binding
Impacted Oviduct
Cystic Ovarian Disease
Egg Yolk Coelomitis
Cloacal Prolapse
Reproductive Failure
Medical and Surgical Management
Key Points
For More Information
Overview of Pet Birds
For More Information
Management of Pet Birds
History
Physical Examination
Routine Grooming Procedures
Clinical Pathology
Hematology and Plasma Biochemistry of the Neonate
Routine Medical Procedures
Nutrition
Transitioning a Bird to a Pelleted Diet
For More Information
Bacterial Diseases of Pet Birds
Chlamydiosis
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Zoonotic Potential
Avian Mycobacteriosis
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
For More Information
Parasitic Diseases of Pet Birds
Parasites of the Circulatory System
Protozoa
Parasites of the Gastrointestinal System
Giardiasis
Trichomoniasis
Other Protozoal Diseases
Roundworms
Cestodes
Parasites of the Integumentary System
Scaly Face (Leg) Mite
Feather Mites
Parasites of the Respiratory System
Air Sac Mites
Sarcocystosis
For More Information
Viral Diseases of Pet Birds
Avian Polyomavirus
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Pacheco’s Disease
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Avian Bornavirus / Proventricular Dilatation Disease
Clinical Findings
Transmission
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control
Poxvirus Infections
Viscerotropic Velogenic Newcastle Disease
Other Paramyxovirus Infections
West Nile Virus
Avian Influenza
For More Information
Geriatric Diseases of Pet Birds
Cataracts
Arthritis
Pododermatitis
Cardiac Disease
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Atherosclerosis
Kidney Disease
Liver Disease
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
For More Information
Neoplastic Diseases of Pet Birds
Cutaneous, Subcutaneous, and Other Neoplasms
Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy Agents Used in Pet Birds
Pseudoneoplastic Skin Conditions
For More Information
Nutritional Diseases of Pet Birds
Obesity
Vitamin A Deficiency
Iodine Deficiency
Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D3 Imbalance
Metabolic Bone Disease (Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism)
Vitamin D Toxicosis
Iron Storage Disease
Additional Nutritional Concerns
For More Information
Toxicoses of Pet Birds
Heavy Metal Toxicosis
Polytetrafluoroethylene Toxicosis
Tobacco
For More Information
Traumatic Injury of Pet Birds
For More Information
Miscellaneous Diseases of Pet Birds
Diabetes Mellitus
Feather Cysts
Feather Destructive Behavior
Gout
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
For More Information
Pediatric Diseases of Pet Birds
Aspiration Pneumonia
Bacterial Disease
Yeast Infection
Viral Disease
Foreign Bodies
Crop Stasis
Crop Burns
Esophageal and Pharyngeal Trauma
Hepatic Lipidosis
Failure to Thrive
Beak Deformities
Splayleg or Rotational Leg Deformity
Constricted Toe Syndrome
Toe Malposition
Cryptophthalmia (Eyelid Atresia)
Choanal Atresia
Key Points
For More Information
Backyard Poultry
Overview of Backyard Poultry
References
Physical Examination of Backyard Poultry
Venipuncture and Blood Collection
For More Information
Management of Backyard Poultry
Environment
Nutrition
For More Information
References
Laying and Reproduction in Backyard Poultry
Incubation and Hatching of Eggs
For More Information
Vaccination of Backyard Poultry
Marek's Disease
Newcastle Disease
For More Information
Common Management-Related Problems in Backyard Poultry
Cannibalism
Trauma
Fatty Liver
Cage Layer Fatigue (Osteoporosis)
Cloacal Prolapse (Vent Blowout)
Egg Binding
Key Points
For More Information
Common Infectious Diseases in Backyard Poultry
Parasitism
Viral Diseases
Avian Encephalomyelitis
Avian Influenza
Fowlpox
Infectious Bronchitis
Marek's Disease
Newcastle Disease
Bacterial Infections
Colibacillosis
Mycoplasmosis (Chronic Respiratory Disease)
Salmonellosis
Fungal Diseases
Aspergillosis
Favus (Avian Ringworm)
Antimicrobial Use
Key Points
For More Information
References
Ratites
Overview of Ratites
Management of Ratites
Physical and Laboratory Examination
Anesthesia
Surgical Procedures
Nutrition
Vaccination
Reproduction of Ratites
Anatomy
Breeding
Hatching
Reproductive Diseases
Chick Management (Ratites)
Infectious Diseases of Ratites
Parasitic Diseases
Protozoa
Cestodes
Nematodes
Arthropods
Digestive System Disorders of Ratites
Musculoskeletal Disorders of Ratites
Toxicoses of Ratites
Trauma of Ratites
Trichomonosis
Trichomonosis in Birds
Etiology
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Viral Encephalitides
Viral Encephalitides