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MERCK MANUAL
Veterinary Manual
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Veterinary Topics
Reproductive System
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Reproductive System Introduction
The Reproductive System in Animals
For More Information
The Gonads and Tubular Genital Tract in Animals
Ovaries
Testes
Female Tubular Genital Tract
Male Tubular Genital Tract
For More Information
References
Infertility in Animals
Diagnostic Approach
For More Information
Principles of Treatment for Reproductive Disorders in Animals
Pharmacological Control of Reproduction
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Antimicrobial Treatment
Surgical Treatment
For More Information
Cloning of Domestic Animals
Cloning of Domestic Animals
Donor Cell Selection and Cloning Techniques
Health and Phenotype in Donor Cell Selection and Cloning Techniques
Status
Status of Cat Cloning
Status of Dog Cloning
Status of Horse Cloning
Status of Ruminant Cloning
Status of Pig Cloning
Status of Camel Cloning
Controversies and Outlook
For More Information
References
Congenital and Inherited Anomalies of the Reproductive System
Intersex Conditions of Animals
Freemartinism
Other Chromosomal Abnormalities
Male Genital Abnormalities of Animals
Abnormalities of the Testis and Epididymis
Abnormalities of the Penis and Prepuce
Female Genital Abnormalities of Animals
Ovarian Abnormalities
Segmental Aplasia of the Paramesonephric Ducts
Cervical Abnormalities
Vaginal and Vulvar Abnormalities
LARGE ANIMALS
Abortion in Large Animals
Abortion in Camelids
Noninfectious Causes
Infectious Causes
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Viruses
Overview of Abortion in Large Animals
Abortion in Cattle
Noninfectious Causes
Infectious Causes
Bluetongue
Bovine Viral Diarrhea
Brucellosis
Campylobacteriosis
Chlamydiosis
Epizootic Bovine Abortion (Foothill Abortion)
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR, Bovine Herpesvirus 1)
Leptospirosis
Listeriosis
Mycotic Abortion
Neosporosis
Trichomoniasis
Trueperella pyogenes
Ureaplasma diversum
Infection
Other Causes of Abortion
Abortion in Sheep
Bluetongue
Border Disease
Brucellosis
Cache Valley Virus
Campylobacter
spp Infection (Vibriosis)
Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (EAE)
Listeriosis
Salmonellosis
Toxoplasmosis
Other Causes of Abortion
Abortion in Goats
Brucellosis
Caprine Herpesvirus 1
Chlamydiosis (Enzootic Abortion)
Coxiella burnetii
Infection
Leptospirosis
Listeriosis
Toxoplasmosis
Abortion in Pigs
Noninfectious Causes
Infectious Causes
Brucellosis
Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)
Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Infection
Leptospirosis
Porcine Circovirus Infection
Porcine Parvovirus
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
Pseudorabies (Aujeszky Disease, Porcine Herpesvirus 1 Infection)
Other Infectious Causes of Abortion
Abortion in Horses
Noninfectious Causes
Fescue Grass Toxicosis
Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
Infectious Causes
Bacterial Abortion
Equine Mycotic Placentitis
Equine Rhinopneumonitis (Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection)
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
For More Information
Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis
Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis
Etiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Brucellosis in Large Animals
Overview of Brucellosis in Large Animals
Brucellosis in Cattle
Etiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Screening Tests
Control
Key Points
For More Information
Brucellosis in Goats
Brucellosis in Horses
Brucellosis in Pigs
Etiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Brucellosis in Sheep
Contagious Agalactia
Contagious Agalactia in Small Ruminants
Etiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
References
Cystic Ovary Disease
Cystic Ovary Disease and Cystic Corpus Luteum in Cows
Follicular Cystic Ovary Disease in Cows
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Luteal Cystic Ovary Disease in Cows
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Treatment and Control
Cystic Ovary Disease Herd Problem
Equine Coital Exanthema
Equine Coital Exanthema
Etiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
References
Mastitis in Large Animals
Overview of Mastitis in Large Animals
Mastitis in Cattle
Subclinical Mastitis
Epidemiology
Key Performance Indicators
Treatment
Prevention
Clinical Mastitis
Epidemiology
Severe Clinical Mastitis
Mild Clinical Mastitis
Unusual Pathogens
Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
References
Mastitis in Goats
Mastitis in Ewes
Mastitis in Mares
For More Information
Neosporosis in Cattle
Neosporosis in Cattle
Etiology
Epidemiology
Life Cycle and Transmission
Risk Factors
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Ulcerative and Enzootic Posthitis and Vulvitis in Sheep and Goats
Ulcerative and Enzootic Posthitis and Vulvitis in Sheep and Goats
Enzootic Posthitis and Vulvitis
Ulcerative Balanoposthitis and Vulvitis
Key Points
For More Information
Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome and Mastitis in Sows
Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome and Mastitis in Sows
Etiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
References
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
Prolonged Gestation in Cattle and Sheep
Overview of Prolonged Gestation in Cattle and Sheep
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Factors Influencing Gestation Length
Sequelae of Prolonged Gestation
End of Gestation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Prolonged Gestation Associated with Fetal Mummification in Cattle and Sheep
Prolonged Gestation Associated with Fetal Deformity in Cattle and Sheep
Genetic abnormalities
Pituitary Gland Abnormalities
Adrenal Gland Abnormalities
Combined Pituitary and Adrenal Gland Abnormalities
Prolonged Gestation Associated with Cloning
Fetopathogenic Infection
Toxic Plants as a Cause of Prolonged Gestation in Cattle and Sheep
Pseudopregnancy in Goats
Pseudopregnancy in Goats
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis and Follow-Up
Key Points
References
For More Information
Retained Fetal Membranes in Large Animals (Retained Placenta)
Retained Fetal Membranes in Cows
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Retained Fetal Membranes in Mares
Retained Fetal Membranes in Does and Ewes
Retained Fetal Membranes in Sows
Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis in Cattle
Etiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Herd Biosecurity
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
ForMore Information
References
Udder Diseases in Cows
Overview of Udder Diseases in Cows
Diseases of Bovine Teats and Skin
Bovine Ulcerative Mammillitis (Bovine Herpesvirus II and IV)
Pseudocowpox
Cowpox
Bovine Warts (Bovine Papillomavirus)
Teat-end Hyperkeratosis
Teat Edema
Frostbite
Teat Sunburn
Blackspot
Dermatitis
Udder Sores
Physiologic Disorders of the Udder in Cows
Udder Edema
Precocious Mammary Development
Failure of Milk Ejection (Milk Letdown)
Agalactia
Nonfunctional (Blind) Quarters
Congenital Disorders
Traumatic and Structural Disorders of the Bovine Udder
Trauma and Laceration
Teat Obstructions
Breakdown of Udder Support Apparatus
Hemolactia (Blood in Milk)
Teat Sphincter Inadequacy
Uterine Diseases in Production Animals
Overview of Uterine Diseases in Production Animals
Metritis in Production Animals
Cows
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Horses
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Pigs
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Goats and sheep
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs
Treatment
Endometritis in Production Animals
Cows
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Horses
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment
Pigs
Clinical Findings
Treatment
Other Species
For More Information
Pyometra in Production Animals
Clinical Signs
Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
Prolapses of the Reproductive Tract
Uterine Prolapse and Eversion in Animals
For More Information
Vaginal and Cervical Prolapse in Cattle and Sheep
Treatment
Vesicular Adenitis (Vesiculitis) in Bulls
Vesicular Adenitis (Vesiculitis) in Bulls
Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Key Points
For More Information
Vulvitis and Vaginitis in Large Animals
Vulvitis and Vaginitis in Large Animals
SMALL ANIMALS
Reproductive Diseases of the Female Small Animal
Reproductive Management of the Female Small Animal
Normal Canine Reproduction
Canine Contraception
Pregnancy Termination in Dogs
Canine Estrous Cycle
Feline Estrous Cycle
Dystocia in Small Animals
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pseudopregnancy in Small Animals
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Follicular Cysts in Small Animals
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Mammary Hypertrophy in Cats
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Mastitis in Small Animals
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Metritis in Small Animals
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome in Small Animals
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia–Pyometra Complex in Small Animals
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Subinvolution of Placental Sites in Small Animals
Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Vaginal Hyperplasia in Small Animals
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Signs
Treatment
Vaginitis in Small Animals
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Clinical Investigation of Canine Reproduction Disorders
Medical and Reproductive History
Reproductive Examination
Diagnostic Testing
Recessed Vulva in Dogs
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Signs
Treatment
Reproductive System Diseases of Male Dogs and Cats
Overview of Reproductive System Diseases of Male Dogs and Cats
For More Information
Orchitis and Epididymitis in Dogs and Cats
Etiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
References
Balanoposthitis in Dogs and Cats
Etiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
Paraphimosis in Dogs and Cats
For More Information
Phimosis in Dogs and Cats
For More Information
Priapism in Dogs and Cats
For More Information
Brucellosis in Dogs
Brucellosis in Dogs
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Zoonotic Risk
ForMore Information
Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Characteristics
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control and Prevention
For More Information
References
Mammary Tumors in Cats
Mammary Tumors in Cats
Etiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Prognosis
Key Points
References
Mammary Tumors in Dogs
Mammary Tumors in Dogs
Histopathological Tumor Types
Pathogenesis
Risk Factors
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Clinical Staging
Histological Grading
Treatment
Systemic Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
References
Prostatic Diseases in Small Animals
Prostatic Diseases in Small Animals
Key Points
For More Information
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Dogs
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
References
Prostatitis in Dogs
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
Paraprostatic Cysts in Dogs
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
Neoplasms of the Prostate in Dogs
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
References
