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MERCK MANUAL
Veterinary Manual
VETERINARY PROFESSIONALS
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Veterinary Topics
Poultry
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Backyard Chickens and Other Poultry
Backyard Chickens and Other Poultry
Bacterial Diseases
Campylobacteriosis in Birds
Campylobacteriosis in Birds
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Control and Prevention
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
Avian Chlamydiosis
Avian Chlamydiosis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Prevention
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
References
Avian Spirochetosis
Avian Spirochetosis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
References
Bordetellosis
Bordetellosis in Poultry
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control and Prevention
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
References
Botulism
Botulism in Poultry
Etiology
Epizootiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Control and Prevention
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
References
For More Information
Colibacillosis
Colibacillosis in Poultry
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Enterococcosis
Enterococcosis in Poultry
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Erysipelas
Erysipelas in Poultry
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Treatment
Prevention
Zoonotic Risks
Key Points
For More Information
References
Fowl Cholera
Fowl Cholera
Etiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Gangrenous Dermatitis
Gangrenous Dermatitis in Poultry
Clinical Findings
Gross Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Infectious Coryza
Infectious Coryza
Etiology
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Control and Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
References
Listeriosis
Listeriosis in Poultry
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Mycoplasmosis
Overview of Mycoplasmosis in Poultry
For More Information
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Infection in Poultry
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
Mycoplasma synoviae
Infection in Poultry
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
Mycoplasma meleagridis
Infection in Poultry
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
Mycoplasma iowae
Infection in Poultry
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
References
Necrotic Enteritis
Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention, Control, and Treatment
Key Points
Omphalitis
Omphalitis in Poultry
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Lesions
Treatment and Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
Riemerella anatipestifer
Infection
Riemerella anatipestifer
Infection in Poultry
Etiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Salmonelloses in Poultry
Overview of Salmonelloses in Poultry
Pullorum Disease in Poultry
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Fowl Typhoid
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Paratyphoid Infections in Poultry
Etiology
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Staphylococcosis
Staphylococcosis in Poultry
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Localized Infection
Systemic Infection
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Streptococcosis
Streptococcosis in Poultry
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Reference
Tuberculosis in Poultry
Tuberculosis in Poultry
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Ulcerative Enteritis
Ulcerative Enteritis in Poultry
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention, Treatment, and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Bloodborne Organisms
Bloodborne Organisms in Poultry
Overview of Bloodborne Organisms in Poultry
Aegyptianellosis in Poultry
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Filariasis in Poultry
Key Points
For More Information
Haemoproteus
Infection in Poultry
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Leucocytozoonosis in Poultry
Clinical Findings
Lesions of Leucocytozoonosis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Plasmodium
Infection in Poultry and Other Birds
Clinical Findings
Lesions of
Plasmodium
Infection
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Uncommon Bloodborne Organisms in Poultry
Trypanosomes
Borrelia
Babesia
Hepatozoon
Isospora
For More Information
Fungal Diseases
Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis in Poultry
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Candidiasis in Poultry
Candidiasis in Poultry
Etiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
Management
Nutrition and Management: Poultry
Nutritional Requirements of Poultry
Water
Energy Requirements and Feed Intake
Amino Acid Requirements
Vitamins
Minerals
Other Nutrients and Additives
Feeding and Management Practices in Poultry
Vaccination Programs for Poultry
For More Information
Management of Growing Chickens
For More Information
Management of Laying Chickens
Artificial Lights
Record Keeping
Floor Space, Feeding, and Water Requirements
Number of Layers per Cage
For More Information
Organic Production Practices for Poultry
Organic Poultry
Animal Production Claims and “Natural” Claims
For More Information
Nutritional Deficiencies in Poultry
Protein, Amino Acid, and Energy Deficiencies in Poultry
Mineral Deficiencies in Poultry
Calcium and Phosphorus Imbalances
Rickets
Tibial Dyschondroplasia (Osteochondrosis)
Cage Layer Fatigue
Manganese Deficiency
Iron and Copper Deficiencies
Iodine Deficiency
Magnesium Deficiency
Potassium, Sodium, and Chloride Deficiencies
Simple Deficiency
Electrolyte Imbalance
Selenium Deficiency
Zinc Deficiency
Vitamin Deficiencies in Poultry
Vitamin A Deficiency
Vitamin D3 Deficiency
Vitamin E Deficiency
Vitamin K Deficiency
Thiamine (Vitamin b1) Deficiency
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Deficiency
Niacin (Vitamin B3, Nicotinic Acid) Deficiency
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) Deficiency
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Deficiency
Biotin (Vitamin B7) Deficiency
Folate (Vitamin B9, Folic Acid, Folacin) Deficiency
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Choline Deficiency
Feeding Methods for Poultry
Miscellaneous Diseases
Disorders of the Reproductive System in Poultry
Cystic Right Oviduct in Poultry
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Characteristics
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
For More Information
Defective or Abnormal Eggs in Poultry
Egg-Bound or Impacted Oviducts in Poultry
Egg Peritonitis in Poultry
False Laying in Poultry
Reference
Calcium Metabolism Problems in Hens
Internal Laying in Poultry
Infertility in Poultry
Neoplasia of the Reproductive System in Poultry
Oophoritis and Ovarian Regression in Poultry
Prolapse of the Oviduct in Poultry
Salpingitis in Poultry
Diuresis Syndrome in Poultry
Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens
Disorders of the Skeletal System in Poultry
Overview of Skeletal System Disorders in Poultry
Noninfectious Skeletal Disorders in Poultry
Rotational (Torsional) and Angular (Valgus/Varus) Leg Deformities
Spondylopathies
Spondylolisthesis (Kinky Back) in Poultry
Other Spondylopathies in Poultry
Dyschondroplasia
Rickets
Degenerative Joint Disease
Osteoporosis (Osteopenia, Osteomalacia, Cage Layer Fatigue)
Keel Bone Fractures
Articular Gout
Key Points
For More Information
Infectious Skeletal Disorders in Poultry
Bacterial Osteomyelitis and Arthritis
Viral Arthritis
Osteopetrosis
Amyloid Arthropathy
Key Points
For More Information
Multicausal Enteric Disease
Multicausal Enteric Disease of Poultry
Etiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Miscellaneous Conditions of Poultry
Breast Blisters in Poultry
Ascites Syndrome in Poultry
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Control
Key Points
Breast Burns and Breast Buttons in Poultry
Cannibalism in Poultry
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
Lesions
Control and Prevention
Fluke Infections in Poultry
Key Points
Pendulous Crop in Poultry
Urate Deposition (Gout) in Poultry
Neoplasms
Neoplasms in Poultry
Overview of Neoplasms in Poultry
Marek's Disease in Poultry
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Control
Key Points
For More Information
Avian Leukosis in Poultry
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Control
Key Points
For More Information
References
Reticuloendotheliosis in Poultry
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Control
Key Points
For More Information
Neoplasms of Unknown Etiology in Poultry
Avian Keratoacanthoma
Multicentric Histiocytosis
Adenocarcinomas
Noninfectious Diseases
Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome
Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Poultry
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Control and Prevention
Key Points
Reference
Hemorrhagic Vasculopathy in Turkeys
Hemorrhagic Vasculopathy in Turkeys
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Sudden Death Syndrome of Turkeys Associated With Perirenal Hemorrhage (SDPH)
Aortic Rupture
Clinical Signs
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
Mycotoxicoses in Poultry
Mycotoxicoses in Poultry
Etiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
Aflatoxicosis in Poultry
Fusariotoxicosis in Poultry
Miscellaneous Mycotoxins in Poultry
Ochratoxicosis
Ergotism
Citrinin Mycotoxicosis
Oosporein Mycotoxicosis
Cyclopiazonic Acid
Emerging Mycotoxicoses in Poultry
Myopathies in Poultry
Miscellaneous Myopathies in Poultry
Injection Site Injury
Minimal Myopathy
For More Information
Exertional Myopathy in Poultry
Deep Pectoral Myopathy
Capture Myopathy
Transport Myopathy of Turkeys
Key Points
For More Information
References
Mechanically Induced Myopathy in Poultry
Rupture of the Gastrocnemius Tendon
Rupture of the Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus Muscle in Turkeys
Key Points
For More Information
Nutritional Myopathy in Poultry
For More Information
Toxic Myopathy in Poultry
For More Information
Genetic Myopathy in Poultry
Wooden Breast, White Striping, and Spaghetti Meat Myopathies
Glycogen Storage Myopathy
Key Points
For More Information
Poisonings
Poisonings in Poultry
Aflatoxin
Ammonia (Aerosolized)
Anticoagulant Rodenticides
Bromethalin
Calcium and Vitamin D3
Carbon Monoxide
Citrinin
Coffee Weed Seed
Copper
Copper Sulfate Poisoning
Tribasic Copper Chloride Poisoning
Crotalaria
Diazinon
Dioxin (Toxic Fat)
Ethylene Glycol
Gossypol
Imidacloprid
Lead
Mercury
Nicarbazin
Nitrofurazone
3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic Acid
Ochratoxin
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Polyether Ionophores
Lasalocid
Monensin
Narasin
Salinomycin
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Propane
Quaternary Ammonia
Selenium
Sodium (Salt)
Sulfonamides
Sulfur
Thiram
Trichothecenes
Zinc
Key Points
For More Information
Spontaneous Cardiomyopathy of Turkeys
Spontaneous Cardiomyopathy of Turkeys
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Key Points
References
Sudden Death Syndrome of Broiler Chickens
Sudden Death Syndrome of Broiler Chickens
Etiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Parasitic Diseases
Arthropods in Poultry
Bedbugs of Poultry
For More Information
Fleas of Poultry
For More Information
Flies, Gnats, and Mosquitoes of Poultry
House Fly and Little House Fly
Biting Midges
Black Flies
Pigeon Fly
Mosquitoes
For More Information
Fowl Ticks
For More Information
Lice of Poultry
For More Information
References
Mites of Poultry
Poultry Red Mite (Red Mite, Roost Mite, Poultry Mite)
Northern Fowl Mite
Tropical Fowl Mite
Scaly Leg Mite
Common Chigger
Turkey Chigger
Cyst Mite
Depluming Mite
Feather Mite
For More Information
References
Air Sac Mites in Poultry
For More Information
Coccidiosis in Poultry
Coccidiosis in Poultry
Etiology
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Chickens
Turkeys
Game Birds
Ducks
Geese
Diagnosis
Control
Vaccination
Anticoccidial Drugs
Key Points
Cochlosomiasis in Turkeys and Ducks
Cochlosomiasis (
Cochlosoma anatis
) in Turkeys and Ducks
Etiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Key Points
Cryptosporidiosis in Poultry
Cryptosporidiosis in Poultry
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Zoonotic Risk
For More Information
References
Helminthiasis
Helminthiasis in Poultry
Causative Species
Transmission
Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
References
For More Information
Hexamitiasis
Hexamitiasis in Poultry
Etiology
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
Histomoniasis
Histomoniasis in Poultry
Etiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
Trichomonosis
Trichomonosis
Viral Diseases
Avian Encephalomyelitis
Avian Encephalomyelitis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Key Points
Avian Influenza in Poultry and Wild Birds
Avian Influenza in Poultry and Wild Birds
Etiology
Epidemiology
Zoonotic Risk of Avian Influenza
Clinical Findings
Clinical Findings of Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza
Clinical Findings of High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza
Diagnosis
Laboratory Tests for Avian Influenza Antibodies
Differential Diagnoses of Avian Influenza
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
References
Avian Metapneumovirus Infection
Avian Metapneumovirus Infection
Etiology
Transmission and Epidemiology
Host Species, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
References
Avian Nephritis Virus Infections
Avian Nephritis Virus Infections in Poultry
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions of Avian Nephritis Virus Infections
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
References
Chicken Anemia Virus Infection
Chicken Anemia Virus Infection
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Signs
Gross Lesions
Histopathological Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
Duck Viral Enteritis
Duck Viral Enteritis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention, Treatment, and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Duck Viral Hepatitis
Duck Viral Hepatitis
Etiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
Egg Drop Syndrome 76
Egg Drop Syndrome ’76
Etiology
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Control
Key Points
For More Information
Fowlpox
Fowlpox in Chickens and Turkeys
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Poxviral Infections in Birds Other Than Chickens and Turkeys
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Hemorrhagic Enteritis and Marble Spleen Disease
Hemorrhagic Enteritis and Marble Spleen Disease in Poultry
Etiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
References
Inclusion Body Hepatitis and Hepatitis Hydropericardium Syndrome
Inclusion Body Hepatitis and Hepatitis Hydropericardium Syndrome in Poultry
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Key Points
For More Information
Infectious Bronchitis
Infectious Bronchitis in Chickens
Etiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
For More Information
Infectious Bursal Disease
Infectious Bursal Disease in Poultry
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
Infectious Laryngotracheitis
Infectious Laryngotracheitis
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Control
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Newcastle Disease and Other Paramyxovirus Infections
Newcastle Disease in Poultry
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Transmission
Clinical Signs
Lesions
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prevention
Biosecurity
Vaccination
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Other Avian Paramyxovirus Infections
Etiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Parvovirus Infection of Waterfowl
Parvovirus Infection of Waterfowl
References
Etiology
Transmission and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Key Points
For More Information
Quail Bronchitis
Quail Bronchitis
Etiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions of Quail Bronchitis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
For More Information
References
Turkey Viral Hepatitis
Turkey Viral Hepatitis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Key Points
Viral Arthritis
Viral Arthritis in Poultry
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Transmission and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Lesions of Viral Arthritis in Poultry
Diagnosis
Prevention, Treatment, and Control
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Viral Encephalitides in Birds
Overview of Viral Encephalitides in Birds
West Nile Virus in Birds
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Birds
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus in Birds
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control
Zoonotic Risk
Highlands J Virus in Birds
Israel Turkey Meningoencephalitis Virus in Birds
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control
Key Points
References
Viral Enteritis in Poultry
Overview of Viral Enteritis in Poultry
References
Coronaviral Enteritis of Turkeys
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Rotavirus Infections of Poultry
Etiology, Epidemiology, and Transmission
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Astrovirus Infections in Poultry
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
Chicken Parvovirus and Turkey Parvovirus Infections
Etiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
References
Picornavirus Infections in Poultry
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Zoonotic Risk
Key Points
For More Information
